14 Nov 09

http://ocw.unican.es/humanidades/historia-del-proximo-oriente/modulo-2/imagenes_modulo2/estela-naram-sin.jpg

Caliza margosa
2 m altura
Periodo de Accad (2340-2180 a. C.), ca. 2250 a. C.
Estela de la victoria de Naramsin o Naram-Sin, rey de Accad
Llevada de Sippar a Susa como botín de guerra en el s. XII a. C. (como ocurrió con la estela del Código de Hammurabi)
Musée du Louvre, París
Sb 4

Mesopotamia en el Louvre,vídeo

Esta estela, levantada en Sippar para la glorificación de Naram-Sin (2254-2218), constituye el apogeo del relieve acadio. En una sola escena se conmemora la victoria del rey y de su ejército sobre los lullubitas, belicoso pueblo de los Zagros. La composición, presidida por tres símbolos divinos (dos parcialmente estropeados), centra su interés en la figura del rey, armado y adornado con la tiara de cuernos, el distintivo de los dioses. Llevada a Susa como botín en el siglo XII a. C. le fue añadida una inscripción elamita, visible a la altura de la montaña del relieve.

Inscripción de Naram-Sin (copia paleobabilónica, de Nippur)

«Desde siempre, desde la fundación de la humanidad, ninguno de los reyes había destruido Aramanum y Ebla. Nergal abrió el camino de Naram-Sin el fuerte: Aramnum y Ebla le dio, la Amanus montaña de cedro y el mar superior le donó.

»Con el arma de Dagan, acrecentador de su realeza, Naram-SIn el fuerte tomó Armanum y Ebla, desde la orilla del Éufrates hasta el Ullisum, los hombres de Dagan con su mano le regaló, él los sometió; la cesta de Abi su dios llevaron; el Amanus montaña de cedros conquistó.

»Cuando Dagan el juicio de Naram-Sin el fuerte juzgó, a Rish-Adad rey de Armanum en su mano dio, y él le ató al marco de su puerta:

»(entonces) una estatua de diorita hizo, a Enlil la dedicó así:

‘Naram-Sin el fuerte, rey de las cuatro partes del mundo, Dagan le dio Armanum y Ebla, a Rish-Adad con su mano capturó. Entonces una imagen de piedra dediqué a Sin.»

Archivado en: ACTUALIDAD, Arqueologia, Exposiciones, General, H. Próximo Oriente, HISTORIA ANTIGUA

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14 Nov 09

Egipto: Wenamon


Wenamon es una historia escrita por un escritor anónimo en el reino de Ramses XI (1099-1069 a.C.)

La historia trata de un hombre que debe de hacer una barca para transportar una imagen del dios Amón. Wenamon debe de ir hacia Biblos por la madera, pero cuando llega allí tiene muchos contratiempos. Se le exige un pago, algo que normalmente no sucedía gracias al poderío del imperio egipcio.

Tras conseguir su nave, se embarca para regresar a Egipto pero un viento le lleva a Chipre donde es atacado. Entonces se acabó el papiro.

Papiro Puskhin 120
El relato del viaje de Unamón

Características:

Se conservan 142 líneas distribuidas en dos páginas, la primera de 59 líneas y la segunda de 83, en piezas casi iguales de unos 18 cm de altura cada una. La escritura es clara, con tinta negra y ocasionalmente roja al principio. El texto está escrito a lo ancho del papiro, cruzando las fibras verticales, en lugar de a lo largo como era común en otros papiros. Este mismo método fue también empleado en algunos cuentos del mismo período e incluso posteriores, como el papiro Anastasi VIII.

Barco egipcio

Estado: Bueno pero falta el final del texto, correspondiente a la tercera página. Contiene algunas lagunas, principalmente en la primera página; la segunda está prácticamente completa.
Escritura: Hierática.
Tipo: Literario.
Localización: Museo Pushkin de Bellas Artes. Moscú.
Contenido: La única copia del relato del Viaje de Unamón que ha llegado al día de hoy.

En él se describe el viaje realizado a Biblos en busca de madera para su señor, el faraón.

El texto refleja la decadencia de Egipto a comienzos de finales del Reino Nuevo. La situación no es la misma ya que en épocas anteriores, cuando cualquier enviado del faraón a Canaán era tratado con los mayores honores y sus peticiones eran atendidas con la máxima rapidez y eficacia.
Época: XXI dinastía aunque podría ser una copia de un documento anterior.(1) G. Möller lo sitúa en la XXII dinastía. La acción se desarrolla en la XX dinastía.
Procedencia: Encontrado en el Hiba y adquirido por Golenischeff en 1891.
Imágenes: Comienzo del papiro

Comienzo del papiro de Moscú(Puskhin 120)
Cuento de Unamón. Museo Pushkin (Moscú)
Fuente: Galán, José Manuel. Cuatro viajes a la Literatura del Antiguo Egipto.
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Madrid, 1998
http://www.egiptologia.org/fuentes/papiros/moscu120/#1

Textos:

  • Gardiner, Alan H. Late Egyptian Stories. Biblitheca Aegyptiaca I. Brussels 1932.

Traducción:

  • Galán, José Manuel. Cuatro viajes a la literatura del Antiguo Egipto. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Madrid, 1998.

  • Goedicke, H. The Report of Wenamun, Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, 1975.

  • Lalouette, Claire. Textes sacrés et textes profanes de l’anciene Égypte, II, Mythes, contes et poésie. Gallimard, Paris 1987.

  • Lefevbre, G. Romans et contes de l’époque pharaonique. Maisonneuve, Paris, 1949. Existe una traducción al castellano de José Miguel Serrano Delgado, con el título: Mitos y cuentos egipcios de la época faraónica. Editorial Akal, 2003

  • Lichtheim, Miriam. Ancient Egyptian Literature. A Book of Readings. Volume II: The New Kingdom, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, University of California Press, 1976.

  • Maspero, G. Les Contes populaires de l’Égypte ancienne. Paris, 1911. Existe una traducción al castellano de Mario Montalban con el título Cuentos del Antiguo Egipto. Ediciones Abraxás . Barcelona, 2000.

  • Wente, Edward. F. The Report of Wenamun en The Literature of Ancient Egypt. An Anthology of Stories, Instructions and Poetry. William Kelly Simpson (Editor). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973.

Otros estudios:

  • Bordreuil, P. A propos du Papyrus de Wen Amon. Semitica XVII. Cahiers publiés par l’Institut d’Études Sémitiques de l’Université de Paris, avec le concours du. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (n° XVII). Paris, 1967.

  • Bunnens, G. La mission d’ Ounamon en Phénicie. Point de vue d’ un non-Égyptologue. Rivista di Studi Fenici 6 (1978).

  • Caminos, Ricardo A. A tale of woe : from a hieratic papyrus in the A. S. PUSHKIN Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. Oxford 1977.

  • Egberts, A. The Chronology of the Report of Wenamun revised. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 125.

  • Scheepers, A. Anthroponymes et Toponymes du récit d’ Ounamon, en E. Lipinski (ed.), Phoenicia and the Bible. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 44, Lovaina 1991.

  • Scheepers, A. Le voyage d’ Ounamon: un texte «littéraire» ou «non-littéraire»?,” en C. Obsomer - A.-L. Oosthoek, Amosiadès. Melanges offerts au Professeur Claude Vandersleyen par ses anciens étudiants, Lovaina-la-Nueva, 1992.

Además recomendamos:

(1) Galán, Jose Manuel. Cuatro viajes a la literatura del Antiguo Egipto. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Madrid, 1998, p 18

  • Baines, John R. 1999. “On Wenamun as a Literary Text”. In Literatur und Politik im pharaonischen und ptolemäischen Ägypten: Vorträge der Tagung zum Gedenken an Georges Posener 5.–10. September 1996 in Leipzig, edited by Jan Assmann, and Elke Blumenthal. Bibliothèque d’Étude 127. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire. 209–233.
  • Caminos, Ricardo Augusto. 1977. A Tale of Woe from a Hieratic Papyrus in the A. S. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. Oxford: The Griffith Institute.
  • Egberts, Arno. 1991. “The Chronology of The Report of Wenamun.” Journal of Egyptian Archæology 77:57–67.
  • ———. 1998. “Hard Times: The Chronology of ‘The Report of Wenamun’ Revised”, Zeitschrift fur Ägyptischen Sprache 125 (1998), pp.93-108.
  • ———. 2001. “Wenamun”. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, edited by Donald Bruce Redford. Vol. 3 of 3 vols. Oxford, New York, and Cairo: Oxford University Press and The American University in Cairo Press. 495–496.
  • Eyre, C.J. [1999] “Irony in the Story of Wenamun”, in Assmann, J. & Blumenthal, E. (eds), Literatur und Politik im pharaonischen und ptolemäischen Ägypten, IFAO: le Caire, 1999, pp.235-252.
  • Gardiner, Alan Henderson. 1932. Late-Egyptian Stories. Bibliotheca aegyptiaca 1. Brussel: Fondation égyptologique reine Élisabeth. Contains the hieroglyphic text of the Story of Wenamun.
  • Goedicke, Hans. 1975. The Report of Wenamun. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Helck, Hans Wolfgang. 1986. “Wenamun”. In Lexikon der Ägyptologie, edited by Hans Wolfgang Helck and Wolfhart Westendorf. Vol. 6 of 7 vols. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 1215–1217
  • Коростовцев, Михаил Александрович [Korostovcev, Mixail Aleksandrovič]. 1960. Путешествие Ун-Амуна в Библ Египетский иератический папирус №120 Государственного музея изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина в Москве. [Putešestvie Un-Amuna v Bibl: Egipetskij ieratičeskij papirus No. 120 Gosudarstvennogo muzeja izobrazitel'nyx iskusstv im. A. S. Puškina v Mockva.] Памятники литературы народов востока (Волъшая серия) 4. [Moscow]: Академия Иаук СССР, Институт Востоковедения [Akademija Nauk SSSR, Institut Vostokovedenija].
  • Leprohon, R.J. 2004. “What Wenamun Could Have Bought: the Value of his Stolen Goods”, Egypt, Israel, and the Ancient Mediterranean World: Studies in Honor of Donald B. Redford (ed. G.N. Knoppers and A. Hirsch; Probleme der Ägyptologie; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2004)
  • Sass, Benjamin. 2002. “Wenamun and His Levant—1075 BC or 925 BC?” Ägypten und Levante 12:247–255.
  • Scheepers, A. 1992. “Le voyage d’Ounamon: un texte ‘littéraire’ ou ‘non-littéraire’?” In Amosiadès: Mélanges offerts au professeur Claude Vandersleyen par ses anciens étudiants, edited by Claude Obsomer and Ann-Laure Oosthoek. Louvain-la-neuve: [n. p.]. 355–365
  • Schipper, Bernd Ulrich. 2005. Die Erzählung des Wenamun: Ein Literaturwerk im Spannungsfeld von Politik, Geschichte und Religion. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 209. Freiburg and Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Freiburg and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53067-6
  • de Spens, Renaud. 1998. « Droit international et commerce au début de la XXIe dynastie. Analyse juridique du rapport d’Ounamon », in Le commerce en Egypte ancienne, éd. par N. Grimal et B. Menu (BdE 121), Le Caire, p. 105-126. See here


EL PERSONAJE Y SU ÉPOCA

Wenamón 1065 a. C.-
Cargo Sacerdote.
Dinastias XX-XXI, (Reino Nuevo/Tercer prdo. Intermedio).
Ubicacion Tebas.
Reinados Ramsés XI,

En aquel tiempo, Egipto estaba dividido en dos partes: el Sur, gobernado por Herihor, y el Delta dominado por Smendes. Cuando se quiso construir la embarcación sagrada de Amón, Wenamón fue enviado a Biblos para conseguir la madera. Allí fue engañado y maltratado, y tras conseguir la madera, su barco fue desviado a Chipre donde naufragó. Después de ser llevado ante la reina, desolado, a punto estuvo de ser ejecutado por su incompetencia..

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_x9GKssPxePI/R7giIHon9cI/AAAAAAAAAZc/yX4ChBVR5bM/s400/fenicia.gif

Cananán(Fenicia)

La Biblia y la Arqueología

http://labibliaylaarqueologia.blogspot.com/2007/08/1503-el-perodo-de-los-jueces-wenamn-o.html

El período de los Jueces - Wenamón (o Wen-Amón)

Anet, 25-29

http://webperso.iut.univ-paris8.fr/~rosmord/hieroglyphes/oun/oun1.gif

Página del Viaje de Wenamon

http://webperso.iut.univ-paris8.fr/~rosmord/hieroglyphes/oun/

The papyrus, now in the Moscow Museum, comes from el_hibeh in Middle Egypt and dates to the early 21st Dynasty shortly after the events it relates.

The papyrus is now in the collection of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, and officially designated as Papyrus Pushkin 120. The hieratic text is published in Korostovcev 1960, and the hieroglyphic text is published in Gardiner 1932 (as well as on-line).

Se han encontrado unos pocos registros procedentes de este período, los cuales tratan de Palestina y pintan el mismo triste cuadro de anarquia, inseguridad y falta de autoridad central y uniforme descrito en la entrada anterior.

Wenamón (o Wen-Amón), vasallo del rey de Egipto, fue enviado por su señor a la ciudad de Biblos a comprar madera de cedro del Líbano para construir un barco para procesiones religiosas. El viaje de este cortesano egipcio tuvo lugar alrededor del año 1100 a. C., cerca del final del período de los jueces de Israel. Wenamón salió de Egipto para Biblos en un barco extranjero. Su barco se detuvo en Dor, en la costa de Palestina. Aquí le robaron todo el dinero a Wenamón. Se quejó por esto al príncipe de Dor, pero no pudo obtener satisfacción alguna, porque el príncipe rehusó asumir responsabilidad alguna ya que el robo había ocurrido en un barco extranjero. Antes de continuar su viaje Wenamón robó un saco de plata, el cual llevó consigo a Biblos.

Llegó a esa ciudad, pero no pudo obtener una entrevista con el príncipe del lugar, antes bien el capitán del puerto le pedía todos los días que abandonara la ciudad. Wenamón finalmente se dio cuenta que no podría cumplir con su misión, así que decidió buscar un barco y regresar a Egipto. Cuando se embarcaba, un criado del príncipe de Biblos rogó a su señor en forma vehemente que no dejara partir al mensajero de Egipto sin haberlo visto; por lo tanto, se avisó al capitán del puerto que impidiera que Wenamón partiera ese día.

Wenamón no estaba dispuesto a detenerse, pues creía que podía ser asesinado; pero cuando se pidió también al capitán del barco que no zarpara, el viajero se quedó y le fue concedida una audiencia el próximo día en el palacio del rey de Biblos. Allí se le hizo una recepción bastane humillante, pero finalmente tuvo éxito en conseguir una decisión favorable del rey, pues le fueron dadas unas pocas vigas de cedro para que las llevara a Egipto.

Wenamón prometió al rey escribir a su señor para que enviara productos egipcios como pago por la madera solicitada. Lo hizo, y meses más tarde llegó un barco egipcio. Entonces la madera solicitada fue cortada en el Líbano y traída al puerto, en donde se embarco en presencia del rey. De nuevo hubo algunas observaciones humillantes. Wenamón cargó la madera en los barcos, pero para su horror se dio cuenta de que no podía zarpar porque habían llegado barcos de la ciudad de Dor para apresarlo y someterlo a juicio por la plata que se había robado.

Wenamón, completamente abatido, se sentó y lloró. Cuando el rey de Biblos escuchó esto, envió a una de sus jóvenes bailarina egipcias para alegrarlo. También envió a buscar a los capitanes de los barcos de Dor, y les amonestó diciéndoles que él no podía permitir que arrestaran a Wenamón, su huesped, en sus águas territoriales; pero que podían apresarlo mar afuera. Entonces los barcos de Dor navegaron hacia el sur y permanecieron a la espera de Wenamón, pero este se les adelantó navegando hacia el noroeste en dirección a Chipre.

Barco actual en Asuan

Tan pronto como desembarcó en Chipre, fueron atacados por los nativos de esta isla. Con mucha dificultad pudo obtener una audiencia con la reina, a quien Wenamón hizo esta interesante declaración: “¡Señora, he oído en lugares tan lejnos como Tebas, el lugar en donde está (el dios) Amón, que se hace injusticia en todas las ciudades, pero que se hace justicia en la tierra de Alashiya (Chipre). Sin embargo aquí se hace injusticia todos los días!”² La reina entonces tomó medidas de seguridad concernientes a la permanencia del viajero en la noche.

Desafortunadamente, el papiro se interrumpe en este punto y nos deja sin información con respecto a las siguientes aventuras de Wenamón.

Como este documento parece ser el informe original de Wenamón al rey de Egipto, después de su regreso a su tierra, es obvio que sobrevivió y aun consideró su misión como un éxito, pues, de lo contrario, no poseeríamos este manuscrito.

Aunque la historia es bastante interesante en sí misma, es especialmente importante como un documento contemporáneo del período de los jueces. Revela las condiciones difíciles bajo las cuales la gente vivía, comerciaba y viajaba; y muestra que la falta de una autoridad central causaba muchos problemas aun a los oficiales enviados por los diversos países, como en el caso mencionado de Egipto, país que anteriormente había desempeñado un poderoso papel en Palestina, pero que ahora estaba en decadencia.

-http://www.histarmar.com.ar/HYAMNEWS/HojaInformativa/Fotos/solar1.jpg-

Barca de Keops,Giza

The Travles of Wenamon
The Journey of Wenamon to Phoenicia

http://www.specialtyinterests.net/wenamon.html

Anet, 25-29

The papyrus, now in the Moscow Museum, comes from el_hibeh in Middle Egypt and dates to the early 21st Dynasty shortly after the events it relates.

Year 5, 4th month of the 3rd season, day 16:

the day on which Wenamon, the Senior of the Forecourt of the house of Amon, [lord of thrones] of the Two Lands, set out to fetch the woodwork for the great and august barque of Amon-Re, king of the gods, which is on [the river and which is named:] `User-het-Amon.’

On the day when I reached Tanis, the place [where Ne-su-Ba-neb]-Ded and Ta-net-Amon were [10], I gave them the letters of Amon-Re, king of … and they [20] had them read in their presence. And they said, “Yes, I will do as Amon-Re, king of gods, our [lord] has said!’

I spent up to the 4th month of the 3rd season in Tanis. And Ne-su-Ba-neb-Dad and Ta-net-Amon sent me off with the ship captain Mengebet. … and I embarked on the great Syrian sea in the 1st month of the 3rd season, day 1.

I reached Dor, a town of the Tjeker, and Beder, its prince, had 50 loaves of bread, one jug of wine [30], and one leg of beef brought to me. And a man of my ship ran away and stole on (vessel) of gold, [amounting] to 5 deben, four jars of silver, amounting to 20 deben, and a sack of 11 deben of silver. [Total of what] he [stole]:

5 deben of gold and 31 deben of silver. [40]

I got up in the morning, and I went up to the place where the Prince was, and I said to him: `I have been robbed in your harbor. Now you are the prince of this land, and you are its investigator who should look for my silver. Now about this silver - it belongs to Ne-su-Ba-neb-Ded; it belongs to Herihor, my lord, and the other great men of Egypt! It belongs to you; it belongs to Weret; it belongs to Mekmer; it belongs to Zakar-Baal, the prince of Byblos![50]

And he said unto me: `Whether you are important or whether you are eminent - look here, I do not recognize this accusation which you have made me! Suppose it had been a thief who belonged to my land who went on your boat and stole your silver, I should have repaid it to you from my treasury, until they had [60] found this thief of yours - whoever he may be. Now about the thief who robbed you - he belongs to you! He belongs to your ship! Spend a few days here visiting with me, so that I may look for him.’

I spent nine days moored (in) his harbor, and I went (to) call on him, and I said to him: `Look, you have not found my silver. [Just let] me [go] with the ship captains and with those who go (to) sea!’ But he said to me, `Be quiet! …’ …. I went out of Tyre at the break of down … Zakar-Baal, the prince of Byblos, …. (30) ship. I found 30 deben in it, and I seized upon it.(4) [And I said to the Tjeker: `I have seized upon] your silver, and it will stay with me [until] you find [my silver or the thief] who stole it. But as for you, …

So they went away, and I enjoyed my triumph [in] a tent [on] the shore of the [sea], [in] the harbor of Byblos. And [I hid] Amon-of-the-Road, and I put his property inside him.(5)

And the [prince] of Byblos send to me, saying: `Get [out of (35) my] harbor!’ And I sent him, saying: `Where should [I go to]? … If [you have a ship] to carry me, have me taken to Egypt again!’ So I spent 29 days in his [harbor, while] he [spent] the time sending to me every day to say: `Get out [of] my harbor!’

Now while he was making offering to his gods, the god - seized one of his youths and made him possessed.(6) And he said to him: `Bring up [the] god! Bring the messenger who is carrying him! (40) Amon is the one who sent him out! He is the one who made him come!’ And while the possessed youth was having a frenzy on this night, I had [already] found a ship headed for Egypt and had loaded everything that I had into it. While I was watching for the darkness, thinking that when it descended I would load the god [also], so that no other eye might see him, the harbor master came to me, saying: `Wait until morning - so says the prince.’ So I said to him: `Aren’t you the one who spent the time coming to me every day to say: `Get out [of] my harbor? Aren’t you saying, `Wait’ tonight (45) in order to let the ship which I had found get away - and [then] you will come again [to] say: `Go away!’?’

So he went and told it to the prince. And the prince sent to the captain of the ship to say: `Wait until morning - so says the prince!’

When morning came, he sent and brough me up, but the god stayed in the tent where he was, [on] the shore of the sea. And I found him sitting [in] his upper room, with his back turned to the window, so that the waves of the great Syrian sea broke against the back (50) of his head.(7)

So I said to him: `May Amon favor you!’ But he said to me: `How long, up to today, since you came from the palace where Amon is?’

So I said to him: `Five months and one day up to now,”

And he said to me: `Well, you’re truthful! Where is the letter of Amon which [should be] in your hand? Where is the dispatch of the high-priest of Amon which [should] be in your hand?’

And I told him: `I gave them to Ne-su-B-neb-ded and Ta-net-Amon.’

And he was very, very angry, and he said to me: `Now see - neither letters nor dispatches are in your hand! Where is (55) its Syrian crew? Didn’t he turn you over to his foreign ship captain to have him kill you and throw you into the sea? [Then] with whom would they have looked for you too? So he spoke to me.

But I said to him, `Wasn’t it an Egyptian ship?’ Now it is Egyptian crews which sail under Ne-su-Ba-neb-Ded! He has no Syrian crews.’

And he said to me: `Aren’t there 20 ships here in my harbor which are in commercial relations with Ne-su-Ba-neb-Ded? As to this Sidon, (ii,1) the other [place] which you have passed, aren’t there 50 more ships there which are in commercial relations with Werket-El, and which are drawn up to his house?’ And I was silent in this great time.

And he answered and said to me: `On what business have you come?’

So I told him: `I have come after the woodwork for the great and August bark of Amon-Re, king of gods. Your father did [it] (5), your grandfather did [it, and you will do it too!' So I spoke to him.

But he said to me: `To be sure, they did it! And if you give me something] for doing it, I will do it! Why, when my people carried out this commission, Pharaoh - life propserity, health! - sent six ships loaded with Egyptian goods, and they unloaded them into their storehouses! You - what is that you’re bringing me - me also?’

And he had the journal rolls of his father brought, and he had them read out in my presence, and they found a thousand deben of silver and all kinds of things in his scrolls.[100]

So he said to me: `If the ruler of Egypt where the lord of mine, and I were his servant also, he would not have send silver and gold, saying: `Carry out the commission of Amon!’ There would be no carrying of a royal gift, such as they used to do for my father. As for me - me also - I am not your servant! I am not the servant of him who sent me either! - If I cry out to the Lebanon, the heavens open up, and the logs are here lying [on] the shore of the sea! Give (15) me the sails which you have brought to carry your ships which would hold the logs for [Egypt]! Give me the ropes [which] you have brought [to lash the cedar] logs which I am cutting down to make you … which I shall make for you [as] the sails of your boats, and the spears will be [too] heavy and will break, and you will die in the middle of the sea! See, Amon made thunder in the sky when he put Seth near him.(8) Now when Amon (20) founded all lands, in founding them he founded first the land of Egypt, from which you come; for craftsmanship came out of it, to reach the place where I am. What are these silly trips which they have had you make?’

And I said to him: `[That's] not true! What I am on are no `silly trips’ at all! There is no ship upon the river which does not belong to Amon! The sea is his, and the Lebanon is his, of which you say: `It is mine!’ It forms (25) the nursery for User-het-Amon, the lord of [every] ship! Why, he spoke - Amon-Re, King of the gods - and said to Herihor, my master: `Send me forth!’ So he had me come, carrying this great god. But see, you have made this great god spend these 29 (days) moored [in] your harbor, although you did not know [it]. Isn’t he here? Isn’t he the [same] as he was? You are stationed [here] to carry on the commerce of the Lebanon with Amon, its lord. As for you saying that the former kings sent silver and gold - suppose they had life and health!(9) Now as for Amon-Re, king of the gods - he is the lord of this life and health, and he was the lord of your fathers. They spent their lifetime making offering to Amon. And you also - you are the servant of Amon! If you say to Amon: `Yes, I will do [it]!’ and you carry out his commission, you will live, you will be prosperous, you will be healthy, and you will be good to your entire land and your people! [But] don’t wish for yourself anything belonging to Amon-Re, [king of] the gods. Why, a lion wants his own property! Have your secretary brought to me, so that (35) I may send him to Ne-su-Ba-neb-Ded and Ta-net-Amon, the officers whom Amon put in the north of his land, and they will have all kinds of things sent. I shall send him to them to say: `Let it be brought until I shall go [back again] to the south, and I shall [then] have every bit of the dept still [due to you] brought to you.’ So I spoke to him.

So he entrusted my letter to his messenger, and he loaded in the keel, the bow post, the stern post, along with our four other hewn timbers - seven in all - and he had them taken to Egypt. And in the first month of the second season his messenger who had gone to Egypt came back to me in Syria. And in the first month of the second season he messenger sho had gone to Egypt came back to me in Syria. And Ne-su-Ba-neb-Ded and Ta-net-Amon sent: (40)

  4 jars and 1 kakmen of gold;
  5 jars of silver;
 10 pieces of clothing in royal linen;
500 kherd of good Upper Egyptian linen;
500 cowhides;
500 ropes;
 20 sacks of lentils;
 30 baskets of fish;
And he sent to me [personally]:
 5 pieces of clothing in good Upper Egyptian linen;
 5 kherd of good Upper Egyptian linen;
 1 sack of lentils;
 5 baskets of fish;

And the prince was glad, and he detailed three hundred men and three hundred cattle, and he put supervisors at their head, to have them cut down the timber. So they cut them down, and they spend the second season lying there.(10)

In the 3rd month of the 3rd season they dragged them [to] the shore of the sae, and the prince came out and stood by them. And he sent to me, saying: `Come!’ Now when I presented myself near him, the shadow of his lotus - blossom fell upon me. And Pen-Amon, a butler who belonged to him, cut me off, saying: `The shadow of Pharaoh - lief, prosperity, health! - your lord, has fallen on you!’ But he was angry at him, saying: `Let him alone.’(11)

So I presented myself near him, and he answered and siad to me: `See, the commission which my fathers carried out formerly, I have carried it out [also], even though you have not done for me what your fathers would have done for me, and you too [should have done]! See, the last of your woodwork has arrived and is lying [here]. Do as I wish, and come to load it in - for aren’t they going to give it it you?(50) Don’t come to look at the terror of the sae! If you look at the terror of the sea, you will see my own [too].’(12) Why, I have not done to you what was done to the messengers of Kha-em-Wasert, when they spent seventeen years in this land - they died [where] they were!’ And he said to his butler: `Take him and show him their tomb in which they are lying.’

But I said to him: `Don’t show it to me! As for Kha-em-Waset - they were men whom he send to you as messengers, and he was a man himself. You do not have one of his messengers [here in me], when you say: `Go and see you companions!’

Now shouldn’t you rejoice (55) and have a stela [made] for yourself and say on it: `Amon-Re, king of the gods, sent to me Amon-of-the-Road, his messenger - [life], prosperity, health! - and Wenalmon, his human messenger, after the woodwork for the great and August barque of Amon-Re, king of the gods. I cut it down. I loaded it in. I provided it [with] my ships and my crews. I caused them to reach Egypt, in order to ask fifty years of life from Amon for myself, over and aboce my fate.’ And it shall come to pass that, after another time, a messenger may come from the land of Egypt who knows writing, and he may read your name on the stela. And you will receive water [in] the West, like the gods who are (60) here!’(13)

And he said to me: `This which you have said to me is great testimony of words!’(14)

So I said to him: `As for the many things which you have said to me, if I reach the place where the high priest of Amon is and he sees how you have [carried out his] commission, it is your [carrying out of this] commission [which] will draw out something for you.’

And I went [to] the shore of the sea, to the place where the timber was lying, and I spied 11 ships belonging to the Tjeker coming in from the sea, in order to say: `Arrest him! Don’t let a ship of his [go] to the land of Egypt!’ Then I set down and wept. And the letter scribe of the prince came out to me,(65) and he said to me: `What’s the matter with you?’ And I said to him: `Haven’t you seen the birds go down to Egypt a second time?(15) Look at them - how they travel to the cool pools! [But] how long shall I be left here! Now don’t you see those who are coming again to arrest me?’

So he went and told it to the prince. And the prince began to weep because of the words which were said to him, for they were painful. And he sent out to me his letter scribe, and he brought to me 2 jugs of wine and one ram. And he sent to me Ta-net-Not, an Egyptian singer was with him,(16) saying: `Sing to him! Don’t let his heart take on cares!’ And he sent to me,(70) to say: `Eat and drink! Don’t let your heart take on cares, for tomorrow you shall hear whatever I have to say.’

When morning came, he had his assembly summond, and stood in their midst, and he said to the Tjeker: `What have you come [for]?’ and they said to him: `We have come after the [blasted] ships which you are sending to Egypt with your opponents!’ But he said to them: `I cannot arrest the messenger of Amon inside my land. Let me send him away, and you go after him to arrest him.’

So he loaded me in, and he sent me away from there at the harbor of the sea. And the wind casts me on the land of (75) Alashiya. And they of the town came out against me to kill me, but I forced my way through them to the place where Hetep, the princess of the town, was. I met her as she was going out of one house of hers and going into another of hers.

So I greeted her, and I said to the people who were standing near her: `Isn’t there one of you who understands Egyptian?’ And one of them said: `I understand [it].’ So I said to him: `Tell the lady that I have heard, as far away as Thebes, the place where Amon is, that injustice is done in every town but justice is done in the land of Alishiya. Yet, injustice is done here every day!’ And she said: `Why, what do you [mean] (80) by saying it?’ So I told her: `If the sea is stormy and the wind casts me on the land where you are, you should not let them take me [in charge] to kill me. For I am a messenger of Amon. Look here - as for me, they will search for me all the time! As to this crew of the Prince of Byblos which they are bent on killing, won’t its lord find ten crews of yours, and he also kill them?’

So she had the people summoned, and they stood [there]. And she said to me: `Spend the night …’

[At this point the papyrus breaks off. Since the tale is told in the first person, it is fair to assume that Wenamon returned to Egypt to tell his story, in some measure of safety or success.]

The Basest of the Kingdoms

Since the days of the Persian conquest under Cambyses, Egypt had been `the basests of the kingdoms’, Ezekiel 29:15. The prophecies of Jeremiah and Ezekiel concerning the debasement of Egypt were fulfilled, not in their time, but at the close of Amasis’ reign, when Cambyses subjugated Egypt, humiliated its people, and ruined its temples, and for generations thereafter, through most of the Persian period.

When Golenishchev purchased the papyrus with Ourmai’s letter of laments, he obtained in the same transaction a papyrus containing another tale of woe - the story of Wenamon’s errand to Byblose on the coast of Syria. Like the letter of Ourmai, the above story of Wenamon dates from the 21st Dynasty; both were copied by the same scribe, but it is understood that Wenamon’s story relates events several generations more recent. Whereas Ourmai’s letter was translated and published in 1961, Wenamon’s story was published in 1899.

No document pictures Egypt’s lowly position among the nations during the later period of Persian occupation better than does Wenamon’s story.

During the time under discussion, traveling in Syria was filled with danger, Nehemia [2:7] and Ezra [8:22](17) both mention the insecurity of the roads, even for one on the king’s errand.

Picking up on the important clues in the story

It is of interest that quite a number of Hebrew words are used by Wenamon in his story: For `assembly’ he used the Hebrew word `moed’ and for `league’ or `alliance’ the word `hever’; other such instances of preferrence given to Hebrew words over Egyptian vocabulary are exhibited by Wenamon.

Two names in the text caused deliberation among scholars. One was Khaemwise (Kha-em-waset), in whose days messengers sent from Egypt were detained in Byblose against their will. The other was the name of the ship owner Werket-El or Birkath-El, who maintained commercial traffic between Sidon and Tanis.

No answer was found to the question of the identity of Khaemwise. Ramses IX or Neferkare-setpenre Ramesse-khaemwise-merer-amon and Ramses XI or Menmare-sepenptah Ramesse-khaemwise were considered bu rejected. Khaemwise was certainly a king’ (18) but, Ramses IX and Ramses XI having reigned only very recently, Wenamon, a priest and official, would not omit in referring to either of them the title `king’ - such titling being a matter of civility a priest and scribe would no violate.(19)

The other name found in the Wenamon Papyrus that caused deliberation is that of the shipping magnate with headquarters in Tanis. Of him the prince of Byblos said that in Sidon 50 ships `are in league’ with Birketh-El’ and sail `to his house.’

The eminent German Egyptologist read his name Birket-El to which M. Burchardt agreed. The name points to a semitic origin, most likely a Phoenician. It means `God’s blessing.’

In 1924, R. Eisler published a paper, `Barakhel Sohn und Cie, Rhedergesellschaft in Tanis’ (Barkhal Son & Co., Shipping House in Tanis)(20) in which he drew attention to the fact that a late Hebrew source contains a reference to the same shipping company called Berakhel’s Son.

The Testament of Naphthali is a pseudoepigraphic work the composition of which is placed in about 146 BC, the year Johnathan of the House of Hasshmnaim (Maccabees) conquered Jaffa and thus opened an access to the sea and maritime trade.

In the testament, a vision is narrated of a ship that passes near the shore of Jaffa with no crew or passengers. But on the mast of the ship is written the name of the owner, son of Berakhel. Berakhel and Birketh-El relate to each other like `God’s blessing’ and `blessing of God’ would in English.

In our estimate, Wenamon went on his travels not in 1100 BC but close to about 400 BC.

Notes & References[0010] The identity of Nesubanebded and Tanetamon are not known as far as we know. Please be aware that some numbers in ( ) and [] were in the original text and do are not references from us.

[0020] Tanis was the capital of Egypt for much of that country’s time. Please check the Encyclopedia for comments on it. Also read the article on pottery.

[0030] Please check the Encyclopedia for info on the Tjeker and Dor. A prince named `Beder’ is not known from other sources as far as we know.

[0040] Compare the measures of quantity with our file on the Great Edict.

[0050] Again, on Weret and Mekmer we have no additional information. On Zerket-Baal and Byblos check the Encyclopedia.

[0060] Check also the EA letters for certain nouns and terms.

[0100] No comment at this time.


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THE HISTORY OF THE PHILISTINES

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TRISMEGISTOS An interdisciplinary portal of papyrological and epigraphical resources
dealing with Egypt and the Nile valley between roughly 800 BC and AD 800

I. The Adventures of Wen-Amon among them

The Golénischeff papyrus 1 was found in 1891 at El-Khibeh in Upper Egypt. It is the personal report of the adventures of an Egyptian messenger to Lebanon, sent on an important semi-religious, semi-diplomatic mission. The naïveté of the style makes it one of the most vivid and convincing narratives that the ancient East affords.

Ramessu III is nominally on the throne, and the papyrus is dated in his fifth year. The real authority at Thebes is, however, Hrihor, the high priest of Amon, who is ultimately to usurp the sovereignty and become the founder of the Twenty-first Dynasty. In Lower Egypt, the Tanite noble Nesubenebded, in Greek Smendes, has control of the Delta. Egypt is in truth a house divided against itself.

On the sixteenth day of the eleventh month of the fifth year of Ramessu, one Wen-Amon was dispatched from Thebes to fetch timber for the barge called User-het, the great august sacred barge of Amon-Ra, king of the gods. Who Wen-Amon may have been, we do not certainly know; he states that he had a religious office, but it is not clear what this was. It speaks eloquently for the rotten state of Egypt at the time, however, that no better messenger could be found than this obviously incompetent person—a sort of Egyptian prototype of the Rev. Robert Spalding! With him was an image of Amon, which he looked upon as a kind of fetish, letters of credit or of introduction, and the wherewithal to purchase the timber.

Sailing down the Nile, Wen-Amon in due time reached Tanis, and presented himself at the court of Nesubenebded, who with his wife Tentamon, received the messenger of Amon-Ra with fitting courtesy. He handed over his letters, which (being themselves unable to decipher them) they caused to be read: and they said, ‘Yea, yea,

p. 30

[paragraph continues] I will do all that our lord Amon-Ra saith.’ Wen-Amon tarried at Tanis till a fortnight had elapsed from his first setting out from Thebes; and then his hosts put him in charge of a certain Mengebti, captain of a ship about to sail to Syria. This was rather casual; evidently Mengebti’s vessel was an ordinary trading ship, whereas we might have expected (and as appears later the Syrians did expect) that one charged with an important special message should be sent in a special ship. At this point the thoughtless Wen-Amon made his first blunder. He forgot all about reclaiming his letters of introduction from Nesubenebded, and so laid up for himself the troubles even now in store for the helpless tourist who tries to land at Beirut without a passport. Like the delightful pilgrimage of the mediaeval Dominican Felix Fabri, the modernness of this narrative of antiquity is not one of its least attractions.

On the first day of the twelfth month Mengebti’s ship set sail. After a journey of unrecorded length the ship put in at Dor, probably the modern Tantura on the southern coast of the promontory of Carmel. Dor was inhabited by Zakkala (a very important piece of information) and they had a king named Badyra. We are amazed to read that, apparently as soon as the ship entered the harbour, this hospitable monarch sent to Wen-Amon ‘much bread, a jar of wine, and a joint of beef’. I verily believe that this was a tale got up by some bakhshish-hunting huckster. The simpleminded tourist of modern days is imposed upon by similar magnificent fables.

There are few who have travelled much by Levant steamers without having lost something by theft. Sufferers may claim Wen-Amon as a companion in misfortune. As soon as the vessel touched at Dor, some vessels of gold, four vessels and a purse of silver—in all 5 deben or about 1 1/5 lb. of gold and 31 deben or about 7½ lb. of silver—were stolen by a man of the ship, who decamped. This was all the more serious, because, as appears later, these valuables were actually the money with which Wen-Amon had been entrusted for the purchase of the timber.

So Wen-Amon did exactly what he would have done in the twentieth century AḌ. He went the following morning and interviewed the governor, Badyra. There was no Egyptian consul at the time, so he was obliged to conduct the interview in person. ‘I have been robbed in thy harbour,’ he says, ‘and thou, being king, art he who should judge, and search for my money. The money indeed belongs to Amon-Ra, and Nesubenebded, and Hrihor my lord: it also belongs to Warati, and Makamaru, and Zakar-Baal prince of Byblos’

p. 31

[paragraph continues] —the last three being evidently the names of the merchants who had been intended to receive the money. The account of Abraham’s negotiations with the Hittites is not more modern than the king’s reply. We can feel absolutely certain that he said exactly the words which Wen-Amon puts in his mouth: ‘Thy honour and excellency! Behold, I know nothing of this complaint of thine. If the thief were of my land, and boarded the ship to steal thy treasure, I would even repay it from mine own treasury till they found who the thief was. But the thief belongs to thy ship (so I have no responsibility). Howbeit, wait a few days and I will seek for him.’ Wen-Amon had to be content with this assurance. Probably nothing was done after he had been bowed out from the governor’s presence: in any case, nine days elapsed without news of the missing property. At the end of the time Wen-Amon gave up hope, and made up his mind to do the best he could without the money. He still had his image of Amon-Ra, and he had a child-like belief that the foreigners would share the reverent awe with which he himself regarded it. So he sought permission of the king of Dor to depart.

Here comes a lacuna much to be deplored. A sadly broken fragment helps to fill it up, but consecutive sense is unattainable. ‘He said unto me “Silence!” . . . and they went away and sought their thieves . . . and I went away from Tyre as dawn was breaking . . . Zakar-Baal, prince of Byblos. . . there I found 30 deben of silver and took it . . . your silver is deposited with me . . . I will take it . . . they went away . . . I came to . . . the harbour of Byblos and . . . to Amon, and I put his goods in it. The prince of Byblos sent a messenger to me . . . my harbour. I sent him a message . . .’ These, with a few other stray words, are all that can be made out. It seems as though Wen-Amon tried to recoup himself for his loss by appropriating the silver of some one else. At any rate, the fragment leaves Wen-Amon at his destination, the harbour of Byblos. Then the continuous text begins again. Apparently Zakar-Baal has sent a message to him to begone and to find a ship going to Egypt in which he could sail. Why Zakar-Baal was so inhospitable does not appear. Indeed daily, for nineteen days, he kept sending a similar message to the Egyptian, who seems to have done nothing one way or another. At last Wen-Amon found a ship about to sail for Egypt, and made arrangements to go as a passenger in her, despairing of ever carrying out his mission. He put his luggage on board and then waited for the darkness of night to come on board with his image of Amon, being for some reason anxious that none but himself should see this talisman.

p. 32

But now a strange thing happened. One of the young men of Zakar-Baal’s entourage was seized with a prophetic ecstasy—the first occurrence of this phenomenon on record—and in his frenzy cried, Bring up the god! Bring up Amon’s messenger that has him! Send him, and let him go.’ Obedient to the prophetic message Zakar-Baal sent down to the harbour to summon the Egyptian. The latter was much annoyed, and protested, not unreasonably, at this sudden change of attitude. Indeed he suspected a ruse to let the ship go off; with his belongings, and leave him defenceless at the mercy of the Byblites. The only effect of his protest was an additional order to ‘hold up’ the ship as well.

In the morning he presented himself to Zakar-Baal. After the sacrifice had been made in the castle by the sea-shore where the prince dwelt, Wen-Amon was brought into his presence. He was ’sitting in his upper chamber, leaning his back against a window, while the waves of the great Syrian sea beat on the shore behind him’. To adapt a passage in one of Mr. Rudyard Kipling’s best-known stories, we can imagine the scene, but we cannot imagine Wen-Amon imagining it: the eye-witness speaks in every word of the picturesque description.

The interview was not pleasant for the Egyptian. It made so deep an impression upon him, that to our great gain he was able when writing his report to reproduce it almost verbatim, as follows:

‘Amon’s favour upon thee,’ said Wen-Amon.

‘How long is it since thou hast left the land of Amon?’ demanded Zakar-Baal, apparently without returning his visitor’s salutation. ‘Five months and one day,’ said Wen-Amon.

(This answer shows how much of the document we have lost. We cannot account for more than the fourteen days spent between Thebes and Tanis, nine days at Dor, nineteen days at Byblos—six weeks in all-plus the time spent in the voyage, which at the very outside could scarcely have been more than another six weeks.)

‘Well then, if thou art a true man, where are thy credentials?’

We remember that Wen-Amon had left them with the prince of Tanis, and he said so. Then was Zakar-Baal very wroth. ‘What! There is no writing in thy hand? And where is the ship that Nesubenebded gave thee? Where are its crew of Syrians? For sure, he would never have put thee in charge of this (incompetent Egyptian) who would have drowned thee—and then where would they have sought their god and thee?’

This is the obvious sense, though injured by a slight lacuna. Nothing more clearly shows how the reputation of Egypt had sunk

p. 33

in the interval since the exploits of Ramessu III. Zakar-Baal speaks of Mengebti and his Egyptian crew with much the same contempt as Capt. Davis in Stevenson’s Ebb-tide speaks of a crew of Kanakas. Wen-Amon ventured on a mild protest. ‘Nesubenebded has no Syrian crews: all his ships are manned with Egyptians.’

‘There are twenty ships in my harbour,’ said Zakar-Baal sharply, and ten thousand ships in Sidon—’ The exaggeration and the aposiopesis vividly mirror the vehemence of the speaker. He was evidently going on to say that these ships, though Egyptian, were all manned by Syrians. But, seeing that Wen-Amon was, as he expresses it, ’silent in that supreme moment’ he broke off, and abruptly asked—

‘Now, what is thy business here?’

We are to remember that Wen-Amon had come to buy timber, but had lost his money. We cannot say anything about whether he had actually recovered the money or its equivalent, because of the unfortunate gap in the document already noticed. However, it would appear that he had at the moment no ready cash, for he tried the effect of a little bluff. ‘I have come for the timber of the great august barge of Amon-Ra, king of the gods. Thy father gave it, as did thy grandfather, and thou wilt do so too.’

But Zakar-Baal was not impressed. ‘True,’ said he, ‘they gave the timber, but they were paid for it: I will do so too, if I be paid likewise.’ And then we are interested to learn that he had his father’s account-books brought in, and showed his visitor the records of large sums that had been paid for timber. ‘See now,’ continued Zakar-Baal in a speech rather difficult to construe intelligibly, ‘had I and my property been under the king of Egypt, he would not have sent money, but would have sent a command. These transactions of my father’s were not the payment of tribute due. I am not thy servant nor the servant of him that sent thee. All I have to do is to speak, and the logs of Lebanon lie cut on the shore of the sea. But where are the sails and the cordage thou hast brought to transport the logs? . . . Egypt is the mother of all equipments and all civilization; how then have they made thee come in this hole-and-corner way?’ He is evidently still dissatisfied with this soi-disant envoy, coming in a common passenger ship without passport or credentials.

Then Wen-Amon played his trump card. He produced the image of Amon. ‘No hole-and-corner journey is this, O guilty one!’ said he. ‘Amon owns every ship on the sea, and owns Lebanon which thou hast claimed as thine own. Amon has sent me, and Hrihor my lord has made me come, bearing this great god. And yet, though thou didst

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well know that he was here, thou hadst kept him waiting twenty-nine days in the harbour. 1 Former kings have sent money to thy fathers, but not life and health: if thou do the bidding of Amon, he will send thee life and health. Wish not for thyself a thing belonging to Amon-Ra.’

These histrionics, however, did not impress Zakar-Baal any more than the previous speech. Clearly Wen-Amon saw in his face that the lord of Byblos was not overawed by the image of his god, and that he wanted something more tangible than vague promises of life and health. So at length he asked for his scribe to be brought him that he might write a letter to Tanis, praying for a consignment of goods on account. The letter was written, the messenger dispatched, and in about seven weeks returned with a miscellaneous cargo of gold, silver, linen, 500 rolls of papyrus (this is important), hides, rope, lentils, and fish. A little present for Wen-Amon himself was sent as well by the lady Tentamon. Then the business-like prince rejoiced, we are told, and gave the word for the felling of the trees. And at last, some eight months after Wen-Amon’s departure from Thebes, the timber lay on the shore ready for delivery.

A curious passage here follows in the papyrus. It contains one of the oldest recorded jokes—if not actually the oldest—in the world. When Zakar-Baal came down to the shore to give the timber over to Wen-Amon, he was accompanied by an Egyptian butler, by name Pen-Amon. The shadow of Zakar-Baal’s parasol happened to fall on the envoy, whereupon the butler exclaimed, ‘Lo, the shadow of Pharaoh thy lord falleth on thee!’ The point of the witticism is obscure, but evidently even Zakar-Baal found it rather too extreme, for he sharply rebuked the jester. But he proceeded himself to display a delicate humour. ‘Now,’ said he, ‘I have done for thee what my fathers did, though thou hast not done for me what thy fathers did. Here is the timber lying ready and complete. Do what thou wilt with it. But do not be contemplating the terror of the sea’ (there cannot be the slightest doubt that Wen-Amon was at this moment glancing over the waters and estimating his chances of a smooth crossing). ‘Contemplate for a moment the terror of Me! Ramessu IX sent some messengers to me and’—here he turned to the butler—’ Go thou, and show him their graves!’

‘Oh, let me not see them!’ was the agonized exclamation of Wen-Amon, anxious now above all things to be off without further delay. Those were people who had no god with them! Wherefore dost thou not instead erect a tablet to record to all time “that Amon-Ra

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sent to me and I sent timber to Egypt, to beseech ten thousand years of life, and so it came to pass”?’

‘Truly that would be a great testimony!’ said the sarcastic prince, and departed.

Wen-Amon now set about loading his timber. But presently there sailed eleven ships of the Zakkala into the harbour—possibly those on whom he had made a rash attempt at piracy to recoup himself for his losses at Dor. The merchants in them demanded his arrest. The poor Egyptian sat down on the shore and wept. ‘They have come to take me again!’ he cried out—it would appear that he had been detained by the Zakkala before, but the record of this part of his troubles is lost in one of the lacunae of the MS. We despair of him altogether when he actually goes on to tell us that when news of this new trouble reached Zakar-Baal, that magnate wept also. However, we need not question the charming detail that he sent to Wen-Amon an Egyptian singing-girl, to console him with her songs. But otherwise he washed his hands of the whole affair. He told the Zakkala that he felt a delicacy about arresting the messenger of Amon on his own land, but he gave them permission to follow and arrest him themselves, if they should see fit. So away Wen-Amon sailed, apparently without his timber, and presumably with the Zakkala in pursuit. But he managed to evade them. A wind drove him to Cyprus. The Cypriotes came out, as he supposed, to kill him and his crew; but they brought them before Hatiba, their queen. He called out ‘Does any one here understand Egyptian?’ One man stepped forward. He dictated a petition to be translated to the queen—

And here the curtain falls abruptly, for the papyrus breaks off; and the rest of this curious tragi-comedy of three thousand years ago is lost to us.

We see from it that the dwellers on the Syrian coast had completely thrown off the terror inspired by the victories of Ramessu III. An Egyptian on a sacred errand from the greatest men in the country, bearing the image of an Egyptian god, could be robbed, bullied, mocked, threatened, thwarted in every possible way. Granted that he was evidently not the kind of man to command respect, yet the total lack of reverence for the royalties who had sent him, and the sneers at Egypt and the Egyptian rulers, are very remarkable.

We see also that the domain of the ‘People of the Sea’ was more extensive than the scanty strip of territory usually allowed them on Bible maps. Further evidence of this will meet us presently,

p. 36

but meanwhile it may be noted that the name ‘Palestine’ is much less of an extension of the name ‘Philistia’ than the current maps would have us suppose. In other words, the two expressions are more nearly synonymous than they are generally taken to be. We find Dor, south of Carmel, to be a Zakkala town; and Zakkala ships are busy in the ports further north.

Indeed, one is half inclined to see Zakkala dominant at Byblos itself. Wen-Amon was a person of slender education—even of his own language he was not a master—and he was not likely to render foreign names correctly. Probably he could speak nothing but Egyptian: he was certainly ignorant of the language of Cyprus, whatever that may have been: and possibly linguistic troubles are indicated by his rendering of the name of the lord of Byblos. Can it be that this was not a name at all, but a title (or rather the Semitic translation of a title, given by a Zakkala dragoman): that Zakar is not ‏זכר‎ ‘remember’, but the name of the Zakkala: and that Baal here, as frequently elsewhere, means ‘lord’ in a human and not a divine sense? If so, the name would mean ‘the lord of the Zakkala’, a phrase that recalls ‘the lords of the Philistines’ in the Hebrew Scriptures. The syntax assumed is of course quite un-Semitic: but it is often the case in dragomans’ translations that the syntax of the original language is preserved. Something like this idea has been anticipated by M. A. J. Reinach. 1

Zakar-baal was no mere pirate chieftain, however. He was a substantial, civilized, and self-reliant prince, and contrasts most favourably with the weak, half-blustering, half-lacrimose Egyptian. He understood the Egyptian language; for he could rebuke the jest of his Egyptian butler, who would presumably speak his native tongue in ‘chaffing’ his compatriot; and no doubt the interview in the upper room was carried on in Egyptian. He was well acquainted with the use of letters, for he knew where to put his finger on the relevant parts of the accounts of his two predecessors. These accounts were probably not in cuneiform characters on clay tablets, as he is seen to import large quantities of papyrus from Egypt. He is true to his old maritime traditions: he builds his house where he can watch the great waves of the Mediterranean beat on the shore, and he is well informed about the ships in his own and the neighbouring harbours, and their crews.

There is a dim recollection of a Philistine occupation of Phoenicia

p. 37

recorded for us in an oft-quoted passage of Justin (xviii. 3. 5), 1 in which he mentions a raid by the king of Ashkelon, just before the fall of Troy, on the Phoenician town of Sidon (so called from an alleged Phoenician word ‘Sidon’, meaning ‘fish’). ‘This is of course merely a saga-like tradition, and as we do not know from what authority Justin drew his information we can hardly put a very heavy strain upon it. And yet it seems to hang together with the other evidence, that in the Mycenaean period, when Troy was taken, there actually was a Philistine settlement on the Phoenician coast. As to the specific mention of Ashkelon, a suggestion, perhaps a little venturesome, may be hazarded. The original writer of the history of this vaguely-chronicled event, whoever he may have been, possibly recorded correctly that it was the Zakkala who raided Sidon. Some later author or copyist was puzzled by this forgotten name, and ‘emended’ a rege Sacaloniorum to a rege Ascaloniorum. Stranger things have happened in the course of manuscript transmission. 2

The Papyrus gives us some chronological indications of importance. The expedition of Wen-Amon took place in the fifth year of Ramessu XII, that is to say, about 1110 B.C. Zakar-Baal had already been governor of Byblos for a considerable time, for he had received envoys from Ramessu IX (1144–1129). Suppose these envoys to have come about 1130, that gives him already twenty years. The envoys of Ramessu IX were detained seventeen years; but in the first place this may have been an exaggeration, and in the second place we need not suppose that many of those seventeen years necessarily fell within the reign of the sender of these messengers. Further, Zakar-Baal’s father and grandfather had preceded him in office. We do not know how long they reigned, but giving twenty-five years to each, which is probably a high estimate, we reach the date 1180, which is sufficiently long after the victory of Ramessu III for the people to begin to recover from the blow which that event inflicted on them.


Footnotes

29:1 See Max Müller, Mittheilungen der deutschen vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1900, p. 14; Erman, Zeitschrift far ägyptische Sprache, xxxviii, p. 1; Breasted, Ancient Records, iv, p. 274.

34:1 An inconsistency: he has added ten days to his former statement.

36:1 ‘Byblos, où règne un prince qui pourrait bien être un Tchakara sémitisé, si l’on en croit son nom de Tchakar-baal.’ Revue archéologique, sér. IV, vol. xv, p. 45.

37:1 ‘Et quoniam ad Carthaginiensium mentionem uentum est, de origine eorum pauca dicenda sunt, repetitis Tyriorum paulo altius rebus, quorum casus etiam dolendi fuerunt. Tyriorum gens condita a Phoenicibus fuit, qui terraemotu uexati, relicto patriae solo, Assyrium stagnum primo, mox mari proximum littus incoluerunt, condita ibi urbe quam a piscium ubertate Sidona appellauerunt; nam piscem Phoenices sidon uocant. Post multos deinde annos a rege Ascaloniorum expugnati, nauibus appulsi, Tyron urbem ante annum Troianae cladis condiderunt.’

37:2 On the other hand Scylax in his Periplus calls Ashkelon ‘a city of the Tyrians’.

Archivado en: ARTÍCULOS, Arqueologia, General, H. Egipto, HISTORIA ANTIGUA, fenicios

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13 Nov 09

http://www.ideal.es/jaen/20091112/cultura/excavacion-egipto-primeros-resultados-20091112.html

La excavación de la UJA en Egipto da sus primeros resultados

http://www.ujaen.es/investiga/qubbetelhawa/intro.php

Qubbet el-Hawa
- Portikus vor dem Grab Sa-renput I. -
(Bildquelle: KEMET Heft 1/05)

Qubbet el-Hawa, también llamado Valle de los príncipes, es un lugar rocoso frente a Asuán donde hay varias tumbas, incluida la de Harjuf. Fechadas en el Imperio Antiguo, proporcionan importantes detalles de la vida de los funcionarios de alto rango; también hay algunas tumbas de los imperios Medio y Nuevo.(Wikipedia)

En la colina se construyó un monasterio copto y algunas tumbas se utilizaron como capillas.

Los escalones para subir desde el Nilo a la colina.

egiptomaniacos.top-forum.net/templos-monument..

Qubbet el-Hawa (casa de los vientos en árabe) es una colina rocosa situada en la orilla occidental del Nilo cerca de Asuán, de unos 130 metros de altura. En la cima de la montaña se encuentra la tumba del jeque musulmán jeques Sidi Ali Bin el-Hawa, y algo más abajo las ruinas del monasterio copto de San Jorge. Qubbet el-Hawa era la necrópolis de los altos dignatarios del territorio, 1] y las tumbas se encuentran en tres filas en las laderas Qubbet el-Hawa; se han excavado unas 80.

La necrópolis de Qubbet el-Hawa se halla justo en frente de la moderna ciudad de Asuán, unos mil kilómetros al sur de El Cairo. En ella se han encontrado a lo largo de diferentes campañas de excavación unas 60 tumbas talladas en la roca de la colina, algunas de las cuales no han sido investigadas nunca.

La mayor parte de las tumbas pertenecieron a los nobles del Reino Antiguo y del Reino Medio (2600-1750 a. C.), aunque hay algunas tumbas de época posterior. En ellas, se han encontrado inscripciones de suma importancia para la Historia no sólo de Egipto, sino de toda la humanidad. Así, en la tumba del gobernador Herjuf (2200 a. C.) se narran los tres viajes que éste realizó al centro de África, en uno de los cuales llegó a traer a un pigmeo; ello supone la mención más antigua de este grupo étnico. Además, en otras inscripciones se narran las relaciones de Egipto con la vecina región de Nubia (actual Sudán) a lo largo de casi un milenio. Por tanto, nos encontramos ante uno de los yacimientos más importantes de Egipto, no sólo por los descubrimientos ya realizados, sino también por lo que a las relaciones interculturales en la Antigüedad se refiere.

Tumbas principales

Las tumbas siguientes han sido catalogadas y se les ha dado un número de referencia. Hay otras, de las que se conoce el propietario, pero de muchas se desconoce.

Meju y Sabni

Ambas tumbas están interconectadas, son de padre e hijo. Pertenecen a la época de Pepi II (VI dinastía). Su familia debía ser muy rica, ya las tumbas están situadas en la parte más alta respecto al Nilo. Ambos fueron nomarcas de Elefantina.

Mechu /Mekhu (mhw), tumba 25

Falsa puerta, tumba de Mekhu

Tenía inscripciones en la pared exterior ya desaparecidas, y la entrada es muy fácil. Aparentemente, la tumba fue revestida de estuco, y aún conserva algunos restos. En cuanto a la riqueza de su propietario, la demuestra su tamaño, unos 150 m², con el techo soportado por seis hileras de tres pilares cada una. Al fondo está la puerta falsa para el culto, y delante una mesa de granito para las ofrendas.

Interior de la tumba de Mekhu

Hay otras cuatro puertas falsas, dos en el oeste, una en el sur y otra junto a la principal figuran los títulos de Mekhhu: “Cabeza de los países extranjeros”, “Príncipe Hereditario” y “Único amigo”, así como sus expediciones a Kush.

Murió en el desierto durante la última expedición a Wawat, y su hijo Sabni viajó con 100 burros, un grupo de sacerdotes, pomadas de aceite, miel y lienzos de lino para momificar a su padre.

Sabni (s3bni), tumba 26

La tumba de Sabni es de aproximadamente 120m² y el techo se apoya en 14 pilares colocados en dos filas. Junto con la de su padre, es una de las de mayor planta. Sabni también era nomarca, y llevaba los títulos de “Príncipe”, “Depositario del sello real”, “Gobernador del sur del país”, “Único amigo” y “Gran sacerdote”. Las inscripciones en las paredes de la tumba indican que el faraón (Pepi II) le hizo muchos obsequios en reparación por la muerte de su padre. Recibió entre otras cosas, ungüentos, alimentos y le fueron enviados los mejores embalsamadores del país. Al fondo de la tumba está representado Sabni con sus hijas, aves y peces. Es una de las pinturas más bellas y mejor conservadas pinturas de Qubbet el-Hawa.

Sobek-Hotep

sbk-htp, tumba 29

la tumba de Sobek-Hotep mide 15 m², con un pilar en el centro de la sala principal, la puerta falsa al fondo y la entrada a dos pozos de enterramiento. La mayor parte de las inscripciones están borradas, pero hay 55 piezas de cerámica que sirven para identificar a Sobek-Hotep. Es también de la época del rey Pepi II.

Hekaib

hqa-ib, tumba 30

Mide 78 metros cuadrados, y su teyo apoya en seis pilares, en dos filas. El nicho de culto se encuentra con su puerta falsa frente a la entrada, unos 30 cm más alto que la cámara principal y está cubierta con una capa de estuco y paneles pintados. En la sala principal se encontraron otras dos tumbas excavadas en el suelo. Las inscripciones están en malas condiciones, sin embargo, pero aparece el nombre y el título de “Jefe de los sacerdotes”. Se ha datado provisionalmente en la VI dinastía.

Anj-nef-itef

Tumba 30b

Es de unos 10 m², con un pilar. En la cámara principal hay una pequeña ventana a la sala lateral, presumiblemente para dar amplitud. Los 15 recipientes encontraron arrojan luz sobre el titular de la tumba y el momento en el que vive: primer período intermedio, porque en la tumba no hay inscripciones ni pinturas. Anj-nef-itef lleva el título de “Maestro”.

Sarenput II

Tumba 31

Qubbet el-Hawa. Tumba de Sarenput II(nº 31)

Sarenput II sentado y su hijo Ankhu , que le le ofrece flores de foto.

La tumba consta de varias estancias: el patio anterior está directamente cortado en la roca, en la primera sala hay seis columnas cuadradas que soportan el techo y no hay decoraciones en esta sala. En las paredes y columnas se observan los estratos de la roca, es decir, líneas de colores por las paredes.

Nueva pasos conducen a un estrecho corredor abovedado donde se encuentran tres nichos simétricos, En cada uno de ellos hay una figura osiriforme

Las estatuas en la pared tienen la cara pintada de negro.

Aparecen también los nombres de Sarenput y se mencionan todos sus títulos.

Las paredes del nicho están pintadas de amarillo y ocre.

En la segunda habitación, que tiene un tamaño mucho menor que la primera, hay cuatro pilares cuadrados que están decorados con jeroglíficos sobre un fondo amarillo. En los jeroglíficos se indican los títulos y las funciones del gobernador Sarenput.

Entre el segundo y tercer pilar de la primera sala está la mesa de ofrendas

Hay un pequeño nicho en la parte de atrás que tiene unos frescos preciosos con dibujos y jeroglíficos y todavía se conservan las pinturas (en la foto del post anterior se puede ver a Sarenput sentado con su hijo Ankhu.

Serenput II

Hay una página muy buena con fotos de las tumbas
http://www.kirikou.com/egipto/asuan/tombs1/tombs.htm

Interior de la tumba de Sarenput II


Jwnes

hwns-hnmti sm3, tumba 34h

De la VI dinastía, es una tumba grande, de unos 85 metros cuadrados, y con ocho pilares, con varios pasillos y cámaras. Están enterrados Jwunes y su esposa; esto sugiere una relación especial entre los dos, ya que en su mayoría las mujeres estaban enterradas en el cementerio de Elefantina.

Grafito copto realizado en la tumba de Jwnes

Harjuf ]

hrw-hw.f, tumba 34n

La cámara tiene principal un tamaño de unos 25 metros cuadrados, con tres pilares, y es de la época de Pepi II (alrededor de 2300 a. C). Harjuf lleva los títulos de “Jefe de todos los países extranjeros del Oriente y Occidente”, “el que lleva a su Señor todos los productos de los países extranjeros”, “Jefe del Alto Egipto“, Jefe de los portadores del Sello Real”, “Sacerdote lector” y “Jefe del ejército”. De las inscripciones se deduce que Harjuf y su padre realizaron varias expediciones a Iam y Libia para el faraón Merenra I, de donde trajeron amuletos, marfil, semillas, animales y objetos de lujo. En otra inscripción figura el agradecimiento del faraón (en su segundo año de gobierno) por traer un enano, bailarín de dios, de la tierra de los espíritus, (quizá un pigmeo, aunque las expediciones nunca llegaron hasta la zona de sus tribus).]].[3]

Máscara funeraria procedente de Qubbet el-Hawa, Bilder von Universitäts-Museen


Heqa-ib Pepi-Najt

hk3-ib pp-nht, tumba 35d

En Qubbet el-Hawa hay tres tumbas cuyo propietario tiene como nombre Heqaib. La tumba 39d, de tiempos de Pepi II, la tumba 35 (el Noble), también coetánea de Pepi (ambas abandonadas por ser demasiado pequeñas) y la 35d. Heqaib porta los títulos de “Jefe del ejército”, “Jefe de los intérpretes”, “Escriba de la Pirámide de Neferkara y “Cabeza de los países extranjeros”.[4] En 1947 Labib Habachi encontró una cámara subterránea adornada con pinturas bien conservadas. En las inmediaciones de la tumba se han encontrado otras muchas más pequeñas de la misma época encontrados, lo que indica que es este Heqa-ib el que que fue reverenciado más tarde.

Sabni II

s3bni n-nbw-nbt, tumba 35e

En la explanada de la tumba de Heqaib está la entrada a la tumba de Sabni II. A su lado hay otra en la que también está otro hombre llamado Sabni. Las magníficas pinturas murales muestran a Sabni entre otras cosas, con bastón de mando y cetro y la típica barba del funcionario. En una inscripción se describe cómo Sabni preparó y transportó a su destino dos obeliscos.[5] Lleva los títulos de “Director de la sala” (presumiblemente el “almacén del faraón”) y “Guardián de los Sellos del Rey”. La tumba tiene unos 60 metros cuadrados y el techo se apoya en cuatro pilares.

Sarenput I

S3-rnpwt, tumba 36

Es la tumba del príncipe Sarenput, una de las más antiguas del Imperio Medio. Sarenput fue nombrado príncipe de Abu por el faraón Sesostris I. Las inscripciones de la tumba aseguran que la devoción de los gobernadores de la región será clara hacia el reya partir de ahora, y también el rey protegerá al fiel nomarca.

Sarenput I vivió en la época del reinado de Senuseret (Sesostris).

La tumba de Sarenput I es grande y además muy bonita, en el interior hay una inscripción que dice: “He construido mi tumba para mostrar mi gratitud al rey Kheper- Ka-Ra (Senuseret I), también la inscripción habla de que el rey le concedió la tierra, que él había empleado a artesanos para que trabajaran en su tumba y que esta había sido equipada con muebles del palacio y decorada con accesorios y ofrendas, y que esta lleno de alegría al ganar el cielo, cuando su cabeza toca el firmamento.

A la tumba se accede por una gran escalera que está integrada en el complejo funerario.

Tiene como decoración dos jambas de piedra en la entrada con los retratos de Sarenput y los símbolos de sus instrumentos de poder.

El patio anterior tiene seis pilares que tenían un tejado, hoy desaparecido.

La fachada de la tumba tiene unos jeroglíficos, (ya colgaré la foto).

La primera habitación tiene cuatro pilares y está decorada con frescos y jeroglíficos pintados en colores, pero con el tiempo los colores se han deteriorado.

Hay también una estatua de Sarenput, pero curiosamente esta estatua está datada en época de Senuseret II, no de Senuseret I)

Henebaba

Tumba 88

La tumba de Henebaba no es tan grandiosa como la de los príncipes de Elefantina. De forma cuadrada, ltiene una cámara principal relativamente pequeña, sostenida por cuatro pilares. Desde la cámara parten cuatro galerías y al fondo se encontraron vasijas llenas, así como pequeños obletos, joyas, perlas y vajilla. No hay inscripciones en las paredes, solo las de esas jarras.

Sobek-Hotep

sbk-htp, tumba 90

Es una de las mayores, con alrededor de 80 metros cuadrados y 13 pilares. En la tumba se encontraron 185 vasijas que datan su construcción en tiempos de Pepi II. Sobek-Hotep se titula “Sacerdote del dios”.

Set-Ka

st.k3 ii-sm3, tumba 110

Del primer periodo intermedio, tiene un tamaño de unos 70 metros cuadrados con ocho pilares en dos filas, y una ventana en la pared exterior que se abrió desde el monasterio copto. En el lado opuesto hay dos nichos para el culto. Una mesa para ofrendas, situada originalmente frente al nicho, está ahora al fonde de la cámara. Algunas inscripciones y pinturas están parcialmente destruidas y otras en muy malas condiciones, pero se puede leer que Set-Ka llevaba los títulos de “Supervisor de los sacerdotes de la pirámide de Pepi II”, “Supervisor de los países extranjeros” y “Agente de Kush”.

http://egyptsites.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/aswan9428.jpg

La necrópolis de los nobles de Assuán (Egipto), conocida como Qubbet el-Hawa

Hallan restos de una momia junto a una figura funeraria y una estela con inscripciones jeroglíficas El director del proyecto, el profesor del Área de Historia Antigua de la UJA, doctor Alejandro Jiménez Serrano, prevé comenzar los trabajos de excavación en el interior de la tumba en esta misma semana. La excavación de la UJA en Egipto da sus primeros resultados Inscripciones jeroglíficas

Los primeros investigadores partieron el 28 de octubre

Qubbet el-Hawa

Las excavaciones que la Universidad de Jaén (UJA) está realizando en su segunda campaña en la necrópolis de los nobles de Assuán (Egipto), conocida como Qubbet el-Hawa, comienzan a obtener sus primeros resultados. Desde que partieran los primeros investigadores el pasado 28 de octubre, hace ya dos semanas, los trabajos se han centrado en el exterior de la tumba nº 33 de la necrópolis.

La excavación de la UJA en Egipto da sus primeros resultados

Inscripciones jeroglíficas Click here to find out more!

Allí, los investigadores de la UJA han hallado los restos de una momia que iba acompañada de una figurilla de pequeño tamaño denominada ‘ushebti’ de carácter mágico y ritual que acompañaban el conjunto funerario como sirvientes del difunto en la otra vida.

Además, se ha descubierto otro fragmento de cerámica con inscripciones en copto y el fragmento de una estela con inscripciones jeroglíficas. El director del proyecto, el profesor del Área de Historia Antigua de la UJA, doctor Alejandro Jiménez Serrano, prevé comenzar los trabajos de excavación en el interior de la tumba durante esta misma semana.

Allí estudiarán y documentarán los numerosos restos de momias, así como los sarcófagos y las estatuas de grandes dimensiones que fueron destruidas en la antigüedad. En esta segunda campaña de trabajo, que se extenderá hasta mediados del mes de diciembre, participan un total de trece investigadores procedentes de la propia UJA, CSIC y la Universidad de Granada, dirigidos por el doctor Alejandro Jiménez Serrano. Los objetivos para este año se centran en las excavaciones de las tumbas nº 33 y 34, datadas en el XII Dinastía (1850 a. C.), y en la conservación de la tumba nº 34h de la VI Dinastía (2150 a. C.).

Además, se está tramitando la construcción de un nuevo edificio de usos múltiples en la necrópolis.

Este proyecto se enmarca en una acción de colaboración científica y cultural entre la Universidad de Jaén y el Consejo Supremo de Antigüedades de Egipto y como novedad, este año se podrá consultar a diario el avance preliminar de los trabajos en la página oficial del proyecto (http://www.qubbetelhawa.es).

El equipo de investigadores dirigido por la UJA que ha excavado en Egipto asegura que los resultados superan las expectativas

Enviado por adminviccom el Mar, 09/09/2008 - 13:54.
Tema:
Investigación
General

Este año el grupo está compuesto por trece investigadores dirigidos por el profesor del Área de Historia Antigua de la Universidad de Jaén, el doctor Alejandro Jiménez Serrano. Los objetivos de la misión son más ambiciosos que los de la campaña anterior y se centrarán en cuatro puntos. En primer lugar, se terminará de excavar el exterior de la tumba nº 33, iniciada el año pasado, así como su interior. Esta tumba perteneció a un poderoso personaje, aún desconocido, que vivió en torno al 1850 a. C.

En el interior de la misma se han detectado varios enterramientos posteriores en los que se utilizaron sarcófagos de diferentes tipos. Además, hay evidencias que permiten aventurar la existencia de cámaras funerarias anteriormente desconocidas. En segundo lugar y paralelamente, se excavará el exterior de la tumba nº 34, del mismo periodo que la anterior, y ante cuya entrada es posible que aparezca una nueva tumba, tal y como se desprende de los análisis de geo-rádar realizados.

En tercer lugar, apenas a cincuenta metros de las excavaciones, se iniciarán los trabajos de estabilización y conservación de la tumba nº 34h, datada en el 2150 a. C y que perteneció al noble Junes. Este hipogeo corre el riesgo de colapso inminente debido a las fracturas naturales que han ido apareciendo a lo largo de los siglos. Se trata de una tumba de grandes dimensiones y que posee una decoración e inscripciones muy notables que corren un serio peligro de desaparición. El cuarto objetivo se centrará en la construcción de un edificio administrativo que tendrá una triple función: oficina de venta de entradas, de la policía turística y del Servicio de Antigüedades. Esta última acción será la primera medida que el proyecto tome dentro de su clara vocación de ayuda al desarrollo local, que en próximos años se materializará en nuevos objetivos que fomenten el turismo de calidad en la zona, y de la mano de éste, aumente la inversión.

Para el desarrollo de todas estas acciones científicas y de cooperación, el grupo está formado por investigadores de diversos campos y especialidades.

La mayor parte de ellos son miembros, colaboradores o estudiantes de doctorado de la Universidad de Jaén. Los trabajos de arqueología serán dirigidos por Juan Luis Martínez, que contará con el apoyo de Marta Valenti (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Yolanda de la Torre (UJA), José Manuel Alba (UJA) y Francisco Vivas (UJA).

Además, cuenta con la presencia del reputado director del Departamento de Antropología de la Universidad de Granada, el doctor Miguel Botella, que se encargará de estudiar y analizar las momias y restos de ellas que se encuentren durante las excavaciones.

Los restos de época cristiana serán investigados por la doctora Sofía Torallas, del CSIC de Madrid. Juan Manuel Anguita llevará a cabo la finalización de los trabajos de cartografía de la necrópolis y el arquitecto Fernando Martínez Hermoso se encargará de la construcción del edificio administrativo, diseñado altruistamente por su estudio jiennense a partir de las ideas propuestas por las autoridades egipcias.

Los trabajos de conservación de los materiales arqueológicos (sarcófagos de madera y piedra, estatuas, cerámica, etc.) estarán bajo la competencia de la conservadora Isabel Alba y la consolidación de la tumba nº 34h se hará bajo la dirección del geólogo de la empresa giennense IGEA, Israel Mellado García.

Esta segunda campaña se extenderá hasta mediados del mes de diciembre y supone una importante inversión científica y económica de la Universidad de Jaén, que ha contado además con la colaboración económica de diversas entidades tales como el Ministerio de Cultura, la empresa IGEA, Caja Rural de Jaén, Guillermo García S. L., la Asociación Española de Egiptología, así como la colaboración desinteresada de Endesa Ingeniería y de Foto Garrido (Martos, Jaén).

Posición:
Centro Debajo
Autor:
Gabinete de Prensa

Notas

  1. Rösing, F.W.: Qubbet el-Hawa und Elephantine – zur Bevölkerungsgeschichte von Ägypten, Stuttgart 1990
  2. Excavación de la UJA en Qubbet el-Hawa
  3. Insncripciones en la tumba de Harjuf. (en inglés), transcripción de James Henry Breasted en Ancient Records of Egypt vol. I pp. 328 y ss.
  4. Kurt Sethe: Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums, Vol I, Leipzig 1933, pp. 131 y ss.
  5. Habachi, L.: Die unsterblichen Obelisken Ägyptens, Mainz (1982)

Bibliografía

  • Edel, Elmar: Die Felsengräber der Qubbet el-Hawa bei Assuan, Wiesbaden (1967-1971)
  • Edel, Elmar: Die Reiseberichte des Harchuf (Hrw-hwff) in seinem Grab am Qubbet el-Hawa (34n), Berlín (1955)
  • Edel, Elmar: Beiträge zu den Inschriften des Mittleren Reiches in den Gräbern der Qubbet el-Hawa, Berlín (1971)
  • Edel, Elmar: Altägyptische Fürstengräber bei Assuan. Ausgrabungen auf der Qubbet el-Hawa, Berlín (1966)
  • Gardiner, A.: Geschichte des Alten Ägypten (1962)
  • Habachi, Labib: 16 Studies on lower Nubia (ASAE 23/1981)
  • Habachi, Labib: The Sanctuary of Heqaib, Mainz (1985)
  • Jenkins, M.R.: Notes of the Tomb of Setka at Qubbet el-Hawa, Asuán (BACE 11/200)
  • Morgan, Jacques de: Catalogue des monuments et inscriptions de l’Egypte antique, Viena (1894)

• Müller, Hans Wolfgang: Die Felsengräber der Fürsten von Elephantine aus der Zeit des Mittleren Reiches, Glückstadt (1940)

Archivado en: ACTUALIDAD, ARTÍCULOS, Arqueologia, General, H. Egipto, HISTORIA ANTIGUA

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13 Nov 09


11 de Septiembre de 2009.

Key Dates

ca. 3000 BC - 2000 BC - first settlement

1200 BC - 7th/6th century BC - second settlement

Tayinat was an ancient settlement in southeast Turkey which is near the modern-day Syrian border.

The earliest settlement at the site goes back to 3,000 BC. Little is known of this early site except that it was abandoned around 2000 BC, and a new settlement was created nearby that is known as Alalakh.

Around 1200 BC civilization collapsed throughout the Mediterranean world – including the Hittites, Mycenaean and Egyptians. Alalakh was abandoned and the site of Tayinat was re-inhabited.

Recent archaeological work, led by University of Toronto Professor Tim Harrison, has shown that the people who settled Tayinat appear to be from the Aegean. The pottery bears a striking resemblance to those used by the Mycenaean people. They have also found Aegean style loom weights and cypro-Minoan writing.

Harrison and historian John Hawkins, have put forward the idea that Tayinat was capital of a kingdom known as Palastin or Walastin. Such a kingdom is mentioned on a number of Luwian inscriptions.

————


Science Daily reports that excavations at Tell Tayinat in southeastern Turkey, by archaeologists from the University of Toronto, have uncovered a cache of Assyrian cuneiform tablets:

Photo courtesy Tell Tayinat Archaeological Project. A temple at Tayinat, dating from as early as the 9th/8th century BC.

“The assemblage appears to represent a Neo-Assyrian renovation of an older Neo-Hittite temple complex, providing a rare glimpse into the religious dimension of Assyrian imperial ideology,” said Timothy Harrison, professor of near eastern archeology in the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations and director of U of T’s Tayinat Archaeological Project (TAP). “The tablets, and the information they contain, may possibly highlight the imperial ambitions of one of the great powers of the ancient world, and its lasting influence on the political culture of the Middle East.”

Partially uncovered in 2008 at Tell Tayinat, capital of the Neo-Hittite Kingdom of Palastin, the structure of the building where the tablets were found preserves the classic plan of a Neo-Hittite temple. It formed part of a sacred precinct that once included monumental stelae carved in Luwian (an extinct Anatolian language once spoken in Turkey) hieroglyphic script, but which were found by the expedition smashed into tiny shard-like fragments.

“Tayinat was destroyed by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III in 738 BCE, and then transformed into an Assyrian provincial capital, equipped with its own governor and imperial administration,” said Harrison. “Scholars have long speculated that the reference to Calneh in Isaiah’s oracle against Assyria alludes to Tiglath-pileser’s devastation of Kunulua – i.e., Tayinat.

The destruction of the Luwian monuments and conversion of the sacred precinct into an Assyrian religious complex may represent the physical manifestation of this historic event.”

The temple was later burned in an intense fire and found filled with heavily charred brick and wood which, ironically, contributed to the preservation of the finds recovered from its inner chambers. “While those responsible for this later destruction are not yet known, the remarkable discoveries preserved in the Tayinat temple clearly record a pivotal moment in its history,” said Harrison. “They promise a richly textured view of the cultural and ethnic contest that has long characterized the turbulent history of this region.”

The report can be read here. The University of Toronto has the same report here.

The Tayinat Archaeological Project’s website is here.

There is more background information in: Biblical Period Temple Discovered at Archaeological Excavation in Turkey (pdf) here.

Foto: J. Jackson

Las excavaciones dirigidas por el arqueólogo Timothy Harrison, de la Universidad de Toronto, en el emplazamiento de un templo recientemente descubierto en el sudeste de Turquía, de época neoasiria (Edad del Hierro) han revelado un conjunto de tablillas cuneiformes que se remontan al período entre los años 1200 y 600 a.C.

Las tablillas son parte de un posible archivo que podría proporcionar conocimientos de primera mano sobre las aspiraciones imperiales asirias en aquella época.

La colección parece reflejar una renovación neoasiria de un complejo más antiguo de templos neohititas, proporcionando

una rara oportunidad de examinar la dimensión religiosa de la

ideología imperial asiria.

-Photo by J. Jackson. Professor Tim Harrison, left,

working with a team member to unearth a tablet at Tayinat.-

Is there an Assyrian royal inscription waiting to be deciphered at Tayinat?

Submitted by owenjarus on Wed, 09/30/2009 - 19:37

http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-6.jpg

Base de columna de Tel Tayinat

Las tablillas, y la información que contienen, posiblemente puedan poner de manifiesto las ambiciones imperiales de una de las grandes potencias del mundo antiguo, y su perdurable influencia sobre la cultura política de Oriente Medio.

Parcialmente desvelada en el año 2008 en Tell Tayinat, capital del reino neohitita de Palastin, la estructura del edificio en que se encontraron las tablillas conserva el diseño clásico de un templo neohitita. Éste formó parte de un lugar sagrado que en el pasado incluyó estelas monumentales con inscripciones en luvio (una lengua muerta que antaño se hablaba en Turquía). La expedición encontró tales estelas destrozadas en fragmentos pequeños.

Tayinat fue destruida por el rey asirio Tiglath-Pileser III en el año 738 a.C., y luego transformada en una capital asiria provincial, con administración imperial y un gobernador propio. La destrucción de los monumentos luvios y la conversión del lugar sagrado en un complejo religioso asirio,pueden representar la manifestación física de este acontecimiento histórico.

Tell Tayinat Tell Tayinat (Tell Tainat) is located about 25km to the city of Antakya.

The site is about 800 meters to the site of Tell Açana. The site’s ancient name was probably Kunulua which was the capital of Late Hittite kingdom Patina/Unqi. Patina or Unqi were names used by Assyrians.

The Hittite name is not known. Several orthostats and ornamated columnbases were found which date to 9th and 8th centuries BCE. Some of the orthostats are from the later Assyrian period which are now in the Oriental Institute of Chicago. Many other findings are in Antakya Museum.
Several inscribed fragments of a colossol statue of a seated figure was found near the East Gate in 1936.

It was probably similar to the one that was found in King’s Gate of Karkamış. Among the few readable words in the hieroglyphic luwian inscriptions is the name Halparuntiya who is mentioned is Assyrian sources as Qalparunda at 857 and 853 BCE. If they are the same person the statue should date to mid 9th century BCE.

About 12 large and several small fragments that were found in different areas of the site has been put together to form parts of a rectangular block with 5-line hieroglyphic luwian inscription running around it. There are many more fragmental as well as re-used pieces from Hittite era.

Such destruction indicates that the monuments were probably destroyed at 738 BCE when the city was captured by the Assyrians.

36°14′54 N - 36°22′23 E Google Earth location

Click on pictures for a larger image.

Building II, Megaron Lion columnbase Building I Building I Building I
Assyrian period lion columnbase - B.Bilgin Orthostat - photo B.Bilgin Columnbase - photo B.Bilgin Columnbase - photo B.Bilgin
Statue Fragments
Fragment 1 - I.Gelb Fragments - J.D.Hawkins
Female Sphinx - Oriental Institute Chicago


-
www.hittitemonuments.com/telltainat/-
Image sources:
B.Bilgin, 2006
Dan Dry
Oriental Institute of Chicago
Ignace Jay Gelb. 1939. Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments. (OIP, 45.) Chicago.
J.David Hawkins, Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. 2000.

www.tayproject.org/dosyaakdeng.html

Tell Tayinat

Tell Tayinat (mound) (Antakya/Reyhanli): A Cotton mill, built during 1950´s, lies on top of the Early Bronze Age mound.


Archivado en: ARTÍCULOS, Arqueologia, General, H. Próximo Oriente, HISTORIA ANTIGUA

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13 Nov 09

El País 13-nov.09

El yacimiento arqueológico de Marroquíes Bajos en Jaén no deja de arrojar sorpresas. Las excavaciones que se llevan a cabo han puesto al descubierto un lienzo de muralla de hace unos 4.000 años y que los expertos consideran ya como un referente dentro del periodo Calcolítico.

--

Idolosa ntropomorfos de Marroquíes Bajos,Jaen

“Por su proporción estamos ante un descubrimiento excepcional”, afirma rotundo Arturo Ruiz, director del Centro Andaluz de Arqueología Ibérica, con sede en la Universidad de Jaén.

Puerta de acceso y foso de Marroquíes Bajos (Jaén)

Este poblado sería también, junto con el de Los Millares, en Almería, el más antiguo documentado en Andalucía y confirmaría la tesis de algunos arqueólogos de que Jaén sería el asentamiento habitado más antiguo de Europa.

Hoyos para recipientes cerámicos de Marroquíes Bajos (Jaén)

La inversión de recursos humanos y económicos en estas construcciones,

algunas verdaderamente enormes (Marroquíes Bajos en Jaén), solo se entiende

si la comunidad genera el excedente necesario, que por otro lado es gestionado

por un grupo que decide como se redistribuye, y que invierte parte del mismo

en artículos de prestigio (metal, marfil, obsidiana) que sirven para determinar

ahora las diferencias sociales que se están marcando (se va configurando la ruptura

del sistema igualitario, entre los varones adultos, de épocas anteriores).

Cabañas

La muralla se ha descubierto en la zona norte de la ciudad, justo en el solar destinado a la futura sede de Hacienda. Con todo, los expertos abogan por integrar los restos arqueológicos. “Habría que conservarlos y conectarlos con el futuro Centro de Interpretación de Marroquíes Bajos”, opina Ruiz. No obstante, este centro se encuentra paralizado desde hace casi una década y el solar donde se prevé ubicarlo ha tenido que ser vallado en varias ocasiones para preservarlo de los expolios y de los actos vandálicos. Cuatro fases La singularidad e importancia de Marroquíes Bajos es que se trata de un yacimiento -de unas 75 hectáreas y declarado como Zona Arqueológica por la Junta de Andalucía- donde se aprecian cuatro fases definidas de ocupación: calcolítica, ibérica, romana y medieval islámica. De hecho, no es la primera vez que salen a la luz vestigios de gran relieve. Hace tres años se descubrió una villa romana con varias esculturas que arrojaron una valiosa información sobre una época fundamental en la cultura occidental, como fue la implantación del cristianismo y el final de los ritos paganos. Las excavaciones llevadas a cabo ahora han permitido localizar este lienzo de muralla y un asentamiento en círculos concéntricos. De alguna manera, están en consonancia con lo encontrado en los últimos años y que confirmaron la existencia de un foso central y de otros elementos hidráulicos. Y es que muchos investigadores definen a este espacio como la Venecia de hace 4.500 años por la abundancia de canales y sistemas hidráulicos prehistóricos que han quedado al descubierto, como drenajes del siglo XVII; canales y molinos de noria islámicos; y hasta molinos, albercas y canales romanos. El Ayuntamiento hará una reconstrucción virtual. Fuente: El País

El yacimiento arqueológico de Marroquíes Bajos ocupa con seguridad 120 hectáreas y puede alcanzar las 270 hectáreas. El sistema de fortificación estaba compuesto por una serie de anillos concéntricos que, con variantes puntuales, consisten en fosos excavados en el firme (al momento se han localizado cinco, cuatro intramuros y uno al exterior de la muralla) con secciones diversas en “U” y en “V” reforzados en su lado interno con empalizadas y muros de adobe o piedra (con bastiones y distintos accesos). Estos fosos canalizaban el agua que llegaba desde las faldas del monte para luego distribuirse en el interior de los anillos hasta las viviendas.

LA EDAD DEL COBRE EN EL ALTO GUADALQUIVIR

En torno al año 3000 a.C., en el Alto Guadalquivir existían dos grupos de poblaciones culturalmente distintas: los pastores de la Sierra Sur y los agricultores de la vega del Guadalquivir. Los unos apegados a tradiciones culturales arcaicas, con una cultura material claramente retardataria, con una base económica fundamentalmente ganadera (basada en la cabra y la oveja), con una agricultura de subsistencia, organizados en pequeños grupos que habitaban en asentamientos estacionales, generalmente localizados en cuevas y abrigos, perfectamente adaptados a las necesidades trashumantes del ganado.

¿Cuenco?

Los otros con una cultura material pujante, innovadora, con un modelo de explotación agraria agresivo y muy productivo (quema y cultivo hasta el agotamiento) fundamentalmente hortícola, viviendo en cabañas semienterradas, agrupadas en aldeas que se movían en torno a los suelos más fértiles del valle.

Asentamiento del cerro Veleta y Cueva de los Herreros (Otiñar - Jaén)

Cabañas de Marroquíes Bajos (Jaén)

A pesar de estas divergencias compartían una estructura social igualitaria donde no se advierten diferencias de clase entre sus miembros, aunque si las había de género, de edad o de procedencia. El enfrentamiento entre estos dos modos de entender la vida era inevitable e impuso la supremacía del modelo de sociedad de los grupos de agricultores, una vez que estos desarrollaron estrategias campesinas de explotación de la tierra. Con este esquema de partida se entiende que la expansión agraria partiese de las riveras del río Guadalquivir y a través de sus afluentes llegase a zonas de campiña, pie de monte y sierra entrando en contacto en estas últimas con las poblaciones ganaderas, que poco a poco se fueron aculturando y transformando.

Sus habitantes vivían en una serie de construcciones excavadas en la rocay en cabañas de forma circular fabricadas con mampuestos de diverso tamaño y postes de madera que servían de soporte a techumbres de materia vegetal. Se han estudiado, además, silos de almacenaje y espacios dedicados a la metalurgia.

Queda claro que un espacio de esta extensión y complejidad precisaba de una organización interna acorde con la sistemática de distribución de sus defensas y canalizaciones. También parece incuestionable que este asentamiento expresa una alta concentración tanto de población como de poder.

Viviendas subterráneas de Marroquíes Bajos (Jaén)

Se configura así un panorama cuanto menos inestable, de un lado los habitantes dela vega del Guadalquivir, superpoblada para la época, que comienzan a proteger sus aldeas, conscientes de estar en posesión de las mejores tierras, bien eligiendo lugares de fácil defensa, o bien concentrándose en poblaciones mayores.

De otro las poblaciones de la sierra y el pie de monte aculturadas por el contacto con los colonizadores y que ya inician experiencias agrícolas en sus propios territorios.

A pesar de los rituales colectivos de enterramiento y de los trabajoscomunitarios, a mediados del tercer milenio se detecta ya la presencia del no-productor, figura clave para comprender el proceso de paulatina jerarquización social de estas comunidades. La segunda mitad del tercer milenio ve como los sistemas defensivos de los grandes poblados de las campiñas se hacen más complejos y mayores, concentrando en ellos la mayor parte de la población.

Se consigue aumentar el excedente sin innovaciones técnicas y sin ocupación de nuevos territorios, por lo que se puede interpretar que las clases dominantes consiguieron crear mecanismos de coerción que permitían obtener mayores rendimientos del trabajo (a la vez aparecen más y mejores objetos de lujo que terminan en las tumbas de estos no-productores). Algunos investigadores se refieren a este momento como el de la consolidación de los primeros estados.

Y por fin los colonos de las tierras del interior (campiñas) que, colocados en zonas de secano, no pudieron reproducir el modelo de explotación hortícola de sus vecinos de la vega y se decantaron por una producción cerealista.

Aquí es donde se produce la verdadera base del cambio social que marcaráel resto del milenio, el cultivo del cereal permite mantener permanentemente la aldea en el mismo lugar, con lo que su solar y los campos de los que se abastecen adquieren un carácter de propiedad estable que se manifiesta en principio, en la construcción de fortificaciones (fosos, muros de adobe, lienzos de piedra, bastiones, etc.).

www.arqueomas.com/PH_calco_Guadal1.htm

Archivado en: ACTUALIDAD, ARTÍCULOS, Arqueologia, Europa, P.Iberica

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