brevehistoriadelarte.blogspot.com/…/irak.html
Vázquez Hoys,A.Mª: Historia del Mundo Antiguo. Tomo I. Vol I (Próximo Oriente) y Vol II (Egipto, fenicios, Israel, Irán). Editorial Sanz y Torres, Noviembre 2003, Febrero 2004.3ªed.2009.
Cities of the Ancient Near East
Bad-tibira (“Lugar donde el metal se trabaja “en sumerio) o Dûr-gurgurri (en acadio) , fue una antigua ciudad sumeria que aparece en las leyendas como una de las primeras fundaciones en la tierra, anterior al Diluvio. Se cree que se corresponde con la actual Tell al-Madineh, al sur de Iraq. Los griegos la llamaron Παντιβίβλος (Pantibiblos).
Según la Lista Real Sumeria ,Bad-tibira fue ,después de Eridú , la segunda ciudad en ejercer la hegemonía, y sus reyes no se sabe si existieron o son legendarios. De época de la III dinastía de Ur se encuentran restos vitrificados,lo que indica que fue incendiada; entonces la ciudad perdió el autogobierno y sus posesiones se dividieron entre las Ciudades estado vecinas de Isin y Larsa.
El dios principal era Lugal (LU.GAL). Su templo, E-mush-kalamma, se menciona en el relato sumerio El descenso de Inanna a los infiernos
Información en wikipedia en inglés(Bastante mejor que en español).También en mi libro
www.answers.com/topic/bad-tibira
Bad-tibira, “wall of copper worker(s)”,[1] identified as modern Tell al-Madineh, between Ash-Shatrah and Senkerch (ancient Larsa) in southern Iraq,[2]) was an ancient Sumerian city, that appears among antediluvian cities in the Babylonian lists. Its Akkadian name was Dûr-gurgurri.[3]
The name means metal worker in Sumerian. It was also called Παντιβίβλος Pantibiblos by Greek authors (Abydenus, Apollodorus, Berossus).
According to the Sumerian king list, Bad-tibira was the second city to “exercise kingship” in Sumer, following Eridu.
These kings were En-men-lu-ana, En-men-gal-ana and Dumuzid, the Shepherd. Some badly effaced half-bricks on the surface of the mound bore the inscription of Amar-Sin, of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Pieces of vitrified brick scattered over the surface of the large mound bore witness to the city’s destruction by fire.[4] Possession of the city passed between Larsa, whose king Sin-Iddinam claims to have built the great wall of Bad-tibira, and Isin, whose king Lipit-Ishtar, “the shepherd of Nippur“, claimed to have built the “House of Righteousness” there.[5]
The main god of the city was Lugal, the “king”.[6] The city’s temple, E-mush-kalamma, was mentioned in the tale of Inanna‘s descent to the underworld. The “brotherhood text” in cuneiform inscriptions on cones plundered from the site in the 1930s records the friendship pact of Entemena, governor of Lagash, and Lugal-kinishedudu, governor of Uruk. It identifies Entemena as the builder of the temple E-mush[7] to Inanna and Dumuzi, under his local epithet Lugal-E-mush.[8]
Notes
- ^ W.F. Albright and T.O. Lambdin, “The Evidence of Language”, in The Cambridge Ancient History I, part 1 (Cambridge University Press), 1970: 150.
- ^ Vaughn E. Crawford, “The Location of Bad-Tibira”, Iraq 22 “Ur in Retrospect. In Memory of Sir C. Leonard Woolley” (Spring - Autumn 1960:197-199); the secure identification is based on the recovery at the pillaged site of fragments of a known inscription of Entemena that had surfaced in the black market without provenance. Earlier excavations at a mound called Medain near the site of Lagash, following a report of a vendor of one of the inscriptions, had proved fruitless: see H. de Genouillac, Fouilles de Telloh, ii:139 (noted by Crawford 1960:197 note 7).
- ^ Collection of taxes from Dûr-gurgurri features in correpondence of Hammurabi (first half of the 18th century BCE) noted in L. W. King and H. R. Hall, Egypt and Western Asia in the Light of Recent Discoveries (New York, 2005) p. 306f; it remained a city of metal-workers and the principal settlement of the guild of gugurrē, “metalworkers” (L. W. King, The Letters And Inscriptions Of Hammurabi, King Of Babylon About B.C. 2200 vol. III, p. 21, note 2.).
- ^ Crawford 1960:198.
- ^ Ferris J. Stephens, “A Newly Discovered Inscription of Libit-Ishtar” Journal of the American Oriental Society 52.2 (June 1932):182-185) p. 183.
- ^ Lulal is a misreading.
- ^ Presumably the same temple as E-mush-kalamma, according to Crawford.
- ^ Crawford 1960:197.
References
- W.F. Leemans, Tablets from Bad-tibira and Samsuiluna’s Reconquest of the South, JEOL, vol. 15, pp. 214-218, 1957/58
Vázquez Hoys,A.Mª: Historia del Mundo Antiguo. Tomo I. Vol I (Próximo Oriente) y Vol II (Egipto, fenicios, Israel, Irán). Editorial Sanz y Torres, Noviembre 2003, Febrero 2004.
See also
External links
- Translation of Inana’s descent to the nether world
- Foundation Peg of Entemena found at presumed site of Bad-tibara - British Museum
3.Larsa (Tell as-Senkereh)
4. Sippar (Tell Abu Habbah)
5.Shuruppak (Tell Fara)
Otras Ciudades-estado sumerias importantes fueron:
- Kish (Tell Uheimir & Ingharra)
- Uruk (Warka)
- Ur (Tell al-Muqayyar)
- Nippur (Afak)
- Lagash (Tell al-Hiba)
- Ngirsu (Tello or Telloh)
- Umma (Tell Jokha)
- Hamazi[9]
- Adab (Tell Bismaya)
- Mari (Tell Hariri)[10]
- Akshak[9]
- Akkad[9]
- Isin (Ishan al-Bahriyat)
Otras ciudades menores de sur a norte:
Filed under: Arqueologia,ARTÍCULOS,General,H. Próximo Oriente,HISTORIA ANTIGUA
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