El término “Sumerio” (Habitantes de Sumer) es el nombre común dado a los antiguos habitantes del sur de la Mesopotamia por sus sucesores, los acadios. “Shumeru”. Los sumerios se llamaban a sí mismos sag-giga, que significa literalmente “El pueblo de cabezas negras”.[2] La palabra acadia Shumer puede representar este nombre en el dialecto, pero se desconoce por qué los acadios llamaron Shumeru a las tierras del sur.[3][4]
Su etnia es ASIÁNICA, de ASIA, sin rasgos asiáticos ( como los ojos rasgados) y su lengua aglutinante.
Inventaron la escritura CUNEIFORME, con la que escribieron en arcilla sus textos.
Collar de hojas de oro.Tumba de la reina Pu Abi,Ur I
Ur fue una antigua ciudad del sur de Mesopotamia. Originalmente, estaba localizada cerca de Eridu y de la desembocadura del río Éufrates en el Golfo Pérsico. Hoy en día, sus ruinas se encuentran a 24 km al suroeste de Nasiriya, en el actual Iraq.[1] Según la Biblia fue el lugar de nacimiento de Abraham.
Mapa de la primera Ciudades-estado, Mesopotamia, actual Iraq aproximadamente.
Restos de Ur-Nassiriyah actual.Al fondo la zigurat o torre escalonada.
Los restos de Ur forman una colina de ruinas de 12 m de altitud en mitad del desierto de Iraq, a unos 24 km al suroeste de Nasiriya. Las ruinas eran llamadas por los habitantes locales Tell al-Muqayyar (montículo de brea).
La primera investigación en la zona fue llevada a cabo por el cónsul británico en Basora J. E. Taylor en 1854 por sugerencia del Museo Británico. Ya entonces se encontraron tablillas que indicaban que los restos pertenecían a la Ur bíblica; sin embargo, esto no fue suficiente para que se realizasen investigaciones de importancia y poco después se abandonó el lugar, produciéndose saqueos. Miles de tablillas cuneiformes terminaron en los mercados de Bagdad y, desde allí, en colecciones privadas.
Los primeros restos de Ur pertenecen al período de El Obeid (V milenio a. C.), en el cual se produjeron los primeros asentamientos urbanos en la zona. Ur es, por tanto, una de las ciudades más antiguas de Sumeria.
Durante el IV milenio a. C. (período de Uruk) la gran cantidad de cerámica encontrada parece indicar que Ur pudo haber sido un centro importante de producción. Esta situación se prolongó hasta el período Yemdet-Nasr, hacia el 3000 a. C. En algún momento del milenio siguiente se produjo una inundación de carácter local que dejó una importante capa de lodo en los estratos.
Período Dinástico Arcaico
El Estandarte de Ur fue hallado en una tumba perteneciente a los siglos XXVII-XXV, en el período Dinástico Arcaico. Representa diversas escenas de la vida cotidiana y de guerra.
La información de las capas pertenecientes al período Dinástico Arcaico es reducida, ya que unos 500 años después se derribó gran parte de las antiguas estructuras para construir otras más monumentales. Sin embargo, la historia de la ciudad puede reconstruirse en base a inscripciones en otras ciudades y la Lista Real Sumeria.
Lista Real Sumeria, Ashmolean Museum,Oxford,U.K.(Weld-Blundell Prisma)
La Lista Real Sumeria es un documento entre mitológico e histórico dejado por los escribas de Mesopotamia y escrito en sumerio, que refleja la sucesión de monarcas desde los primeros tiempos hasta aproximadamente las conquistas de Hammurabi. Los primeros reyes son dudosos y sus periodos imposibles pero después se acercan a la historia comprobada, aunque se omiten dinastías y otras se dan como sucesivas cuando fueron contemporáneas. Los reyes de Asiria y los de Babilonia también tuvieron este de tipo de listas.
El primer rey mencionado cuya existencia está reflejada en otras inscripciones es Mebagaresi de Kish, contemporáneo de Gilgamesh. El primer gobernante de la lista que es claramente histórico es Lugalzagesi de Uruk del siglo XXIV a. C., quien conquistó Lagash, que a su vez fue conquistada por Sargón de Acad.
Stephen Langdon (Shillito Reader 1911-1937) did more than any other single person to develop the tablet collection. Langdon enjoyed the patronage of Herbert Weld-Blundell, who had traveled widely in Africa and the Middle East, and led an expedition to Persepolis in the late 19th Century. He presented his collection to the University in 1921-1922, and subsequently supported the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, which Langdon directed. Langdon’s enduring legacy was the Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts (OECT) founded in 1923, in the first instance to publish the Weld-Blundell Collection in volumes 1-3, the latter undertaken by Godfrey Driver. OECT 2 presented what subsequently became known as the “Weld-Blundell prism,” featuring a well-preserved version of the Sumerian King List.
The Weld-Blundell prism (click on image to learn more)
Reginald Campbell Thompson’s brief tenure as Shillito Reader (1937-1941) coincided with the evacuation of the Ashmolean Museum collections during the Second World War. Professor Oliver Gurney (Shillito Reader 1945-1978) devoted much attention to the Ashmolean’s tablet collection. He joined broken tablet fragments from Kish, and prepared a card index of the whole collection to encourage specialist scholars to research and publish the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum. He contributed many copies and identifications of lexical texts to a fundamental publication, Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. A volume on Sumerian Literary texts by Oliver Gurney and Samuel Kramer was published as OECT 5 in 1976, followed by Dr Gilbert McEwan’s publication of Hellenistic texts in OECT 9 (1982) and Late Babylonian texts in OECT 10 (1984). Professor Gurney published the literary texts with the addition of some non-literary ones in OECT 11 (1989). Dr. Francis Joannès copied the neo-Babylonian texts in the Bodleian Library collection, published as OECT 12 (1990).
Dr Stephanie Dalley taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the University of Oxford from 1979-2007, receiving the title Shillito Senior Research Fellow in 1988. Dr Dalley and Professor Norman Yoffee prepared a volume of Old Babylonian texts, primarily from Kish, also identifying an important group of texts from the Diyala region in the Museum’s collection, published as OECT 13 (1991). Dr Dalley presented further Old Babylonian texts from Larsa, Sippir, Kish and Lagaba in OECT 15, with some copies contributed by Eleanor Robson and Tina Breckwoldt (2005).
Although OECT is the main publication series for the inscribed material in the Ashmolean Museum, Eleanor Robson’s published study of Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC (OECT 14, 1999), mostly drew on sources from other collections, but included some copies of Ashmolean tablets eventually published in OECT 15.
Some studies of the Ashmolean collections have been published elsewhere. An important piece of work was Prof. Ignace Gelb’s Sargonic Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Chicago, 1970). For well over twenty years, Dr. Jean-Pierre Grégoire worked on the Sumerian administrative texts in the collection, resulting in the publication of AAICAB 1/1-4 (2000-2002). This followed his previous republication of the tablets from Jemdet Nasr in the Museum with Robert K. Englund (MSVO 1; Berlin, 1991).
The publication of the collections is now largely complete, although it is hoped that a continuing appraisal of the collections and the digitization of the archive will identify previously unpublished texts, and stimulate new readings and interpretations. The collections continue to be an important resource for specialist researchers, and are frequently used for teaching purposes by staff of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford. Over the years, the curatorial staff and conservation laboratories of the Department of Antiquities, and the Photographic Studio of the Museum, as well as the staff of the Ashmolean Library and the Griffith Institute have contributed their specialist assistance in various ways. The digital age has now ushered in opportunities for wider dissemination of the Ashmolean collections. With the assistance of Dr. Jacob Dahl and Nathanael Shelley (on behalf of CDLI), digitisation of the Ashmolean tablet collections has been initiated and is a continuing process. Text based on Roger Moorey’s preface in AAICAB 1 (2000), with additions by Jack Green and Stephanie Dalley.
Primera dinastía de Kish
De los reyes de la lista de la primera dinastía de Kish sólo Mebaragesi y su hijo Aka (Aga) tienen comprobación histórica, y la duración de los reinados de todos ellos es imposible. Debe tratarse entonces en general de figuras mitológicas, con posiblemente un trasfondo histórico que fue el hecho de que Kish tuviera un cierto poder regional.
Mebagaresi de Kish gobernaba hacia el 2600 a. C.. Las inscripciones de Mebagaresi aparecen en la región al sud de Diyala en el antiguo templo de Khafaji (de la época de Yemdet Nasr). La lista habla de su conquista del país de Elam, lo que informa de la antigüedad del conflicto entre Sumeria y Elam y parecería entonces que su poder se extendía hacia el río Diyala y hacia el sur de Sumeria hasta Elam.
Más tarde soberanos como Mesalim de Ur y Eannatum de Lagash utilizarían el título de rey de Kish debido a su prestigio, quizás ganado por Mebaragesi. La región de Diyala que dominaba parece que estaba en proceso de superposición del elemento semita pero que antes no era sumeria, sino quizás iránica como parecen demostrar nombres como Ishnun (convertido en Eshnunna, “Santuario del príncipe” en sumerio) o Tutub. Incluido Babilonia se decía Babilla ( que se convirtió en Babilim, en acadio semítico “puerta del dios”).
Mesalim
Se le conoce también como el rey de Kish que no figura a la lista de reyes: Mesalim. Su origen no está establecido. Tenía como deidad tutelar a Ishtaran, venerado en Der, lo que hace pensar que venía de esta zona, pero como que se han encontrado inscripciones en Adab, en Sumeria Centra y en Lagash no puede asegurarse nada. Esta difusión de las inscripciones en todo caso corresponde a un rey que gobernaba en muchos sitios. Se sabe que al mismo tiempo en Lagash gobernaba un Ensi (o mejor dicho, una serie de ensis) y Mesalim hizo de árbitro en una disputa fronteriza entre Lagash y Umma de la que se hicieron eco Eannatum y Entemena, más tarde ensis de Lagash. Hay que preguntarse si no sería el rey de Hamazi que nombra la lista.
Primera dinastía de Uruk
El poema épico de Gilgamesh nombra las luchas de este rey de Uruk con Mebaragesi de Kish. A Gilgamesh se atribuye la construcción de la muralla de Uruk, la más antigua muralla de Sumeria (hecho que parece coincidir la arqueología), y el dominio sobre Nippur, un centro más religioso que político dedicado al culto al dios Enlil. La lista de reyes nombra dos antecesores, Lugalbanda y Enmerkar. Este último lo hace el fundador de Uruk, de la unión de dos ciudades, una de ellas Eanna o Eana, sobre la que debía gobernar. Ninguno de estos reyes tiene comprobación histórica, aunque Gilgamesh figura en una lista de dioses encontrada a Shuruppak en la que se dice que su padre era Lugalbanda ( las listas dicen que su padre era un fantasma) y que fueron héroes que más tarde fueron divinizados. Estos reyes de Uruk debían ser entonces contemporáneos con los últimos reyes de Kish y anteriores probablemente a Mesalim.
Primera dinastía de Ur
La siguiente hegemonía parece haber estado en Ur. Las tumbas reales de esta ciudad nombran dos reyes, Meskalamdu y Akalamdug, que no están en la lista de reyes, y una reina, Puabi. Parece que los reyes en Ur eran enterrados con miembros de su servicio (fue encontrada una tumba con 80 servidores). Ya que los reyes eran sumerios esto debía ser una costumbre sumeria y no semita, aunque se da algún caso similar en Kish. Mesanepada, hacia el 2490 a. C., sí que es nombrado por la lista, y parece que efectivamente quiso ejercer la hegemonía ya que se tituló “Rey de Kish”.
La Ciudad - estado de Ur estaba situada en una laguna comunicada con el golfo pérsico en una posición estratégica excepcional para el comercio en la parte sur de Sumeria. Consta su comercio con Tilmun o Dilmun, que se identifica con la costa de Arabia cerca de Bahrain, Magan (posiblemente Omán, para otros Makrán en Pakistán) y Melukhkha (Makrán, para otros se ha de buscar este nombre en otra ubicación). Meskiangnana fue el hijo y sucesor de Mesanapeda, pero después siguieron dos reyes de nombre semita-acadio, Elulu y Balulu, coincidiendo su reinado con Eannatum y Entemena de Lagash.
Umma
Lugalzagesi de Umma, un rey usurpador, ejerció una breve hegemonía hacia el 2350 aC, que después perdió ante Sargon I de Acad.
Plano de la tumba de la reina Pu abi,Ur I
Plan of Queen Puabi’s tomb. The tomb chamber containing Puabi’s bier, body and three attendants is at the top of the plan; the death pit with wooden chest, chariot, oxen and more attendants is at the bottom.
Queen Puabi’s Tomb, PG/800, measured 4.35 x 2.8 meters and was built of limestone slabs and mud brick. On a raised platform in the tomb, a skeleton of a middle aged woman lay wearing an elaborate gold, lapis lazuli and carnelian headdress. She wore a huge pair of crescent-shaped golden earrings, and her torso was covered with gold and semi-precious beads.
Near the skeleton’s right shoulder were found three lapis lazuli cylinder seals. Inscribed on one of the seals was the name Pu-abi, with the title “nin”, translated as queen. A second seal is labeled “A-bara-gi”, thought to be the name of Puabi’s husband. Three additional complete skeletons and the skull fragment of a fourth were found in the tomb and are considered retainers, part of Puabi’s royal court and/or servants who were sacrificed at her funeral. More retainers were discovered in the adjacent pit and ramps alongside Pu-abi’s tomb: recent examination of the bones suggest that at least some of these had been menial laborers for most of their lives.
En algunos textos de Lagash, ciertos monarcas de esa ciudad se atribuyen haber conquistado Ur, si bien no indican los nombres de los reyes derrotados. Tampoco en la lista Real Sumeria se menciona a esos conquistadores, si no que hace referencia a una cesión de la realeza desde Uruk, al monarca de Ur, Mesannepada. En los sellos de este rey se encuentra que se titulaba “rey de Kish“, título que podría hacer referencia no tanto a la ciudad acadia como a todo el territorio de la Mesopotamia central, lo cual podría estar apoyado por el uso que, posteriormente, Sargón de Acad dio a este título. Esto indicaría una posible hegemonía de Ur en la zona a mediados del Dinástico Arcaico, lo cual estaría respaldado por algunos restos, que muestran el incendio de la ciudad de Shuruppak y la destrucción del palacio de Kish.
Se conocen algunos datos de la familia de Mesanepada. Así, una tablilla de fundación encontrada en un templo cerca de tell Obeid nombra a un tal Aanepada, hijo de Mesannepada. El hijo de Aanepada se llamaba Meskiaga-nuna, y fue él quien sucedió a su abuelo en el trono. De este rey se conoce su existencia por una tablilla que le dedicó su esposa a su muerte. La lista real Sumeria menciona a estos dos reyes y a dos más, en la que denomina dinastía I de Ur. De estos dos últimos reyes destaca que sus nombres no son sumerios sino acadios.[1]
Los nombres de los monarcas de la dinastía II de Ur aparecen muy deteriorados en la lista Real; sin embargo, se conocen bien los acontecimientos de este período, marcado por la rivalidad entre las distintas ciudades. Hacia el siglo XXIV a. C. el rey de UmmaLugalzagesi conquista las ciudades del sur de Mesopotamia, incluida Ur, formando una hegemonía local y declarándose rey de Kish, al igual que habían hecho los monarcas de la dinastía I de Ur.
Las Tumbas reales de Ur
Uno de los hallazgos más sorprendentes de la expedición de Leonard Woolley en Ur fue una serie de 16 sepulturas a las que se denominó las Tumbas Reales de Ur. Pertenecían al período Dinástico Arcaico y estaban construidas por paredes de ladrillo o piedra coronadas por una bóveda. Se encontraban en un cementerio mayor, destinado a todo tipo de personas y que contenía más de 2.500 tumbas. Cada una de las tumbas reales contenía un cuerpo principal y un cierto número de acompañantes, así como numerosas riquezas.
De todas las sepulturas, destacaba la de una reina identificada gracias a su sello cilíndrico como Puabi. En su interior, además de la reina, se encontraban los cuerpos de cinco hombres armados y diez mujeres acompañadas por la magnífica Arpa de Ur rematada por la cabeza de un toro en oro. La cámara contenía incluso un carro y los esqueletos de dos bueyes.
Tocado de la reina Pu abi de Ur i
El cuerpo de la reina estaba envuelto en joyas y mantos con incrustaciones. Sobre la cabeza llevaba un tocado a base de hojas y una peineta rematada por estrellas de cinco puntas. Cerca de su mano tenía una copa de oro. Y su sello permitio identificarla.
Sello de la reina Pu abi y su impronta
Debajo de un baúl había un pasadizo que comunicaba con otra cámara funeraria; en ella se encontraba el rey A-kalam-dug de Ur, cuya tumba había sido parcialmente saqueada.
Tocado de la reina Pu abi
Otra de las tumbas reales pertenecía al lugalMeskalamdug.
En otra de las fosas, cuyo dueño no se conoce, se encontraron 74 cuerpos, la mayoría de mujeres, lujosamente ataviados. Es en esta última tumba donde se encontró el Estandarte de Ur, una de las piezas más célebres de las halladas en Ur.
El estandarte, está dividido en distintas franjas que contienen escenas cotidianas y de guerra, en la que destaca la representación de carros de guerra.
Se ha interpretado de diferentes formas el hecho de que las tumbas reales contuviesen cuerpos de sus sirvientes; para algunos autores, se trataba de enterramientos rituales, en los que el monarca era acompañado por éstos hacia el más allá. Sin embargo esto no ha sido demostrado y también se han barajado otras opciones, como que la tumba real fuese escogida por las élites como lugar ilustre de enterramiento, siendo sus cuerpos desplazados allí una vez construida.
.N.Kramer, The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character (University of Chicago Press, 1963): Appendix E gives a translation of the Sumerian King List.
(In the following translation, mss. are referred to by the sigla used by Vincente 1995; from those listed there, mss. Fi, Go, P6, and WB 62 were not used; if not specified by a note, numerical data come from ms. WB.)
1-39After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years. Alaljar ruled for 36000 years. 2 kings; they ruled for 64800 years. Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira. In Bad-tibira, En-men-lu-ana ruled for 43200 years. En-men-gal-ana ruled for 28800 years. Dumuzid, the shepherd, ruled for 36000 years. 3 kings; they ruled for 108000 years. Then Bad-tibira fell (?) and the kingship was taken to Larag. In Larag, En-sipad-zid-ana ruled for 28800 years. 1 king; he ruled for 28800 years. Then Larag fell (?) and the kingship was taken to Zimbir. In Zimbir, En-men-dur-ana became king; he ruled for 21000 years. 1 king; he ruled for 21000 years. Then Zimbir fell (?) and the kingship was taken to Curuppag. In Curuppag, Ubara-Tutu became king; he ruled for 18600 years. 1 king; he ruled for 18600 years. In 5 cities 8 kings; they ruled for 241200 years. Then the flood swept over.
40-94After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kic. In Kic, Jucur became king; he ruled for 1200 years. Kullassina-bel ruled for 960(ms. P2+L2 has instead: 900) years. Nanjiclicma ruled for (ms. P2+L2 has:) 670 (?) years. En-tarah-ana ruled for (ms. P2+L2 has:) 420 years ……, 3 months, and 3 1/2 days. Babum …… ruled for (ms. P2+L2 has:) 300 years. Puannum ruled for 840(ms. P2+L2 has instead: 240) years. Kalibum ruled for 960(ms. P2+L2 has instead: 900) years. Kalumum ruled for 840(mss. P3+BT14, Su1 have instead: 900) years. Zuqaqip ruled for 900(ms. Su1 has instead: 600) years. (In mss. P2+L2, P3+BT14, P5, the 10th and 11th rulers of the dynasty precede the 8th and 9th.) Atab(mss. P2+L2, P3+BT14, P5 have instead:Aba) ruled for 600 years. Macda, the son of Atab, ruled for 840(ms. Su1 has instead: 720) years. Arwium, the son of Macda, ruled for 720 years. Etana, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries, became king; he ruled for 1500(ms. P2+L2 has instead: 635) years. Balih, the son of Etana, ruled for 400(mss. P2+L2, Su1 have instead: 410) years. En-me-nuna ruled for 660(ms. P2+L2 has instead: 621) years. Melem-Kic, the son of En-me-nuna, ruled for 900 years. (ms. P3+BT14 adds:) 1560 are the years of the dynasty of En-me-nuna .Barsal-nuna, the son of En-me-nuna,(mss. P5, P3+BT14 have instead:Barsal-nuna) ruled for 1200 years. Zamug, the son of Barsal-nuna, ruled for 140 years. Tizqar, the son of Zamug, ruled for 305 years. (ms. P3+BT14 adds:) 1620 + X …….Ilku ruled for 900 years. Iltasadum ruled for 1200 years. En-men-barage-si, who made the land of Elam submit, became king; he ruled for 900 years. Aga, the son of En-men-barage-si, ruled for 625 years. (ms. P3+BT14 adds:) 1525 are the years of the dynasty of En-men-barage-si. 23 kings; they ruled for 24510 years, 3 months, and 3 1/2 days. Then Kic was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana.
95-133In E-ana, Mec-ki-aj-gacer, the son of Utu, became lord and king; he ruled for 324(ms. P2+L2 has instead: 325) years. Mec-ki-aj-gacer entered the sea and disappeared. Enmerkar, the son of Mec-ki-aj-gacer, the king of Unug, who built Unug(mss. L1+N1, P2+L2 have instead: under whom Unug was built), became king; he ruled for 420(ms. TL has instead: 900 + X) years. (ms. P3+BT14 adds:) 745 are the years of the dynasty of Mec-ki-aj-gacer.(ms TL adds instead: ……; he ruled for 5 + X years.)Lugalbanda, the shepherd, ruled for 1200 years. Dumuzid, the fisherman, whose city was Kuara, ruled for 100(ms. TL has instead: 110) years. (ms. P3+BT14 adds:) He captured En-me-barage-si single-handed.Gilgamec, whose father was a phantom (?), the lord of Kulaba, ruled for 126 years. Ur-Nungal, the son of Gilgamec, ruled for 30 years. Udul-kalama, the son of Ur-Nungal(ms. Su1 has instead:Ur-lugal), ruled for 15 years. La-ba’cum ruled for 9 years. En-nun-tarah-ana ruled for 8 years. Mec-he, the smith, ruled for 36 years. Melem-ana(ms. Su2 has instead:Til-kug (?) ……) ruled for 6(ms. Su2 has instead: 900) years. Lugal-kitun (?) ruled for 36(ms. Su2 has instead: 420) years. 12 kings; they ruled for 2310(ms. Su2 has instead: 3588) years. Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim.
134-147In Urim, Mec-Ane-pada became king; he ruled for 80 years. Mec-ki-aj-Nanna(ms. P2+L2 has instead:Mec-ki-aj-nuna), the son of Mec-Ane-pada, became king; he ruled for 36(ms. P2+L2 has instead: 30) years. Elulu ruled for (mss. L1+N1, P2+L2, P3+BT14 have:) 25 years. Balulu ruled for (mss. L1+N1, P2+L2, P3+BT14 have:) 36 years. (mss. L1+N1, P2+L2 have:) 4 kings; they ruled for (mss. L1+N1, P2+L2, P3+BT14 have:) 171 years. Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan.
148-159In Awan, …… became king; he ruled for …… years. …… ruled for …… years. …… ruled for 36 years. 3 kings; they ruled for 356 years. Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kic.
160-178In Kic, Susuda, the fuller, became king; he ruled for 201 + X years. Dadasig ruled for (ms. vD has:) 81 years. Mamagal, the boatman, ruled for 360(ms. L1+N1 has instead: 420) years. Kalbum, the son of Mamagal(ms. WB has instead:Magalgal), ruled for 195(ms. L1+N1 has instead: 132) years. Tuge (?) ruled for 360 years. Men-nuna, (ms. L1+N1 adds:) the son of Tuge (?), ruled for 180 years. (in mss. L1+N1, TL, the 7th and 8th rulers of the dynasty are in reverse order) …… ruled for 290 years. Lugalju ruled for 360(ms. L1+N1 has instead: 420) years. 8 kings; they ruled for 3195(ms. L1+N1 has instead: 3792) years. Then Kic was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi.
179-185In Hamazi, Hadanic became king; he ruled for 360 years. 1 king; he ruled for 360 years. Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken(ms. P3+BT14 has instead: was returned a second time) to Unug.
(In mss. IB, L1+N1, TL, the 2nd dynasty of Unug of ll. 185-191 is preceded by the 2nd dynasty of Urim of ll. 192-203.)
186-192In Unug, En-cakanca-ana became king; he ruled for 60 years. Lugal-ure(ms. P3+BT14 has instead:Lugal-kinice-dudu (?)) ruled for 120 years. Argandea ruled for 7 years. (ms. L1+N1 has:) 3 kings; they ruled for (ms. L1+N1 has:) 187 years. Then Unug was defeated(ms. TL has instead: destroyed) and the kingship was taken to Urim.
193-204In Urim, Nani became king; he ruled for (ms. vD has:) 120 + X(ms. IB has instead: 54 + X) years. Mec-ki-aj-Nanna, the son of Nani, ruled for (ms. vD has:) 48 years. ……, the son (?) of ……, ruled for (ms. IB has:) 2 years. (ms. IB has:) 3 kings; they ruled for (ms. IB has:) 582(ms. TL has instead: 578) years.(ms. vD has instead: 2 kings; they ruled for 120 + X years.) Then Urim was defeated(ms. TL has instead: destroyed) and the kingship was taken to Adab.
205-210In Adab, Lugal-Ane-mundu became king; he ruled for (mss. L1+N1, TL have:) 90 years. (mss. L1+N1, TL have:) 1 king; he ruled for (mss. L1+N1, TL have:) 90 years. Then Adab was defeated(ms. TL has instead: destroyed) and the kingship was taken to Mari.
211-223In Mari, Anbu (?) became king; he ruled for 30(ms. TL has instead: 90) years. Anba (?), the son of Anbu (?), ruled for 17(ms. TL has instead: 7) years. Bazi, the leatherworker, ruled for 30 years. Zizi, the fuller, ruled for 20 years. Limer, the gudu priest, ruled for 30 years. Carrum-iter ruled for 9(ms. TL has instead: 7) years. 6 kings; they ruled for 136(ms. TL has instead: 184) years. Then Mari was defeated(ms. TL has instead: destroyed) and the kingship was taken to Kic.
224-231In Kic, Kug-Bau, the woman tavern-keeper, who made firm the foundations of Kic, became king; she ruled for 100 years. 1 king; she ruled for 100 years. Then Kic was defeated(ms. TL has instead: destroyed) and the kingship was taken to Akcak.
232-243In Akcak, Unzi became king; he ruled for 30 years. Undalulu ruled for 6(mss. L1+N1, S have instead: 12) years. Ururruled for(ms. IB has instead: was king (?) for) 6 years. Puzur-Nirah ruled for (mss. IB, L1+N1, S, Su1 have:) 20 years. Icu-Il ruled for (mss. IB, L1+N1, S, Su1 have:) 24 years. Cu-Suen, the son of Icu-Il, ruled for (mss. IB, L1+N1, S, TL have:) 7(ms. Su1 has instead: 24) years. (mss. S, Su1, TL have:) 6 kings; they ruled for (mss. L1+N1, S, TL have:) 99(ms. Su1 has instead: 116) years(ms. IB has instead: 5 kings; they ruled for (ms. IB has:) 87 years). Then Akcak was defeated(ms. S has instead: Then the reign of Akcak was abolished) and the kingship was taken to Kic.
(mss. IB, S, Su1, Su3+Su4 list the 3rd and 4th dynasty of Kic of ll. 224-231 and ll. 244-258, respectively, as one dynasty)
244-258In Kic, Puzur-Suen, the son of Kug-Bau, became king; he ruled for 25 years. Ur-Zababa, the son of Puzur-Suen, ruled for 400(mss. P3+BT14, S have instead: 6)(ms. IB has instead: 4 + X) years. (ms. P3+BT14 adds:) 131 are the years of the dynasty of Kug-Bau.Zimudar(ms. TL has instead:Ziju-iake) ruled for 30(ms. IB has instead: 30 + X) years. Uß³i-watar, the son of Zimudar(ms. TL has instead:Ziju-iake), ruled for 7(ms. S has instead: 6) years. Ectar-muti ruled for 11(ms. Su1 has instead: 17 (?)) years. Icme-Camac ruled for 11 years. (ms. Su1 adds:) Cu-ilicu ruled for 15 years.Nanniya, the jeweller,(ms. Su1 has instead:Zimudar)(ms. IB has instead: ……) ruled for 7(ms. S has instead: 3) years. 7 kings; they ruled for 491(ms. Su1 has instead: 485) years(ms. S has instead: 8 kings; they ruled for (ms. S has:) 586 years). Then Kic was defeated(ms. S has instead: Then the reign of Kic was abolished) and the kingship was taken(ms. P3+BT14 has instead: was returned a third time) to Unug.
(ms. IB omits the 3rd dynasty of Unug of ll. 258-263)
259-265In Unug, Lugal-zage-si became king; he ruled for 25(ms. P3+BT14 has instead: 34) years. 1 king; he ruled for 25(ms. P3+BT14 has instead: 34) years. Then Unug was defeated(ms. S has instead: Then the reign of Unug was abolished) and the kingship was taken to Agade.
266-296In Agade, Sargon, whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king of Agade, who built Agade(ms. L1+N1 has instead: under whom Agade was built); he ruled for 56(ms. L1+N1 has instead: 55)(ms. TL has instead: 54) years. Rimuc, the son of Sargon, ruled for 9(ms. IB has instead: 7)(ms. L1+N1 has instead: 15) years. Man-icticcu, the older brother of Rimuc, the son of Sargon, ruled for 15(ms. L1+N1 has instead: 7) years. Naram-Suen, the son of Man-icticcu, ruled for (mss. L1+N1, P3+BT14 have:) 56 years. Car-kali-carri, the son of Naram-Suen, ruled for (ms. L1+N1, Su+Su4 have:) 25(ms. P3+BT14 has instead: 24) years. (ms. P3+BT14 adds:) 157 are the years of the dynasty of Sargon. Then who was king? Who was the king?(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: who was king? Who indeed was king?)Irgigi was king, Imi was king, Nanûm was king (in mss. L1+N1, Su3+Su4, Imi and Nanûm are in reverse order) , Ilulu was king, and the (mss. P3+BT14, S have:) 4 of them ruled for only (mss. P3+BT14, S have:) 3 years. Dudu ruled for 21 years. Cu-Durul, the son of Dudu, ruled for 15(ms. IB has instead: 18) years. 11 kings; they ruled for 181 years(ms. S has instead: 12 kings; they ruled for (ms. S has:) 197 years)(mss. Su1, Su3+Su4, which omit Dudu and Cu-Durul, have instead: 9 kings; they ruled for (ms. Su1 has:) 161(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 177) years. Then Agade was defeated(ms. S has instead: Then the reign of Agade was abolished) and the kingship was taken to Unug.
297-307In Unug, Ur-nijin became king; he ruled for 7(mss. IB, S have instead: 3)(ms. Su1 has instead: 15)(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 30) years. Ur-gigir, the son of Ur-nijin, ruled for 6(ms. IB has instead: 7)(ms. Su1 has instead: 15)(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 7) years. Kuda ruled for 6 years. Puzur-ili ruled for 5(ms. IB has instead: 20) years. Ur-Utu ruled for 6(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead:Ur-Utu), the son of Ur-gigir, ruled for 25(ms. Su1 has instead:Lugal-melem, the son of Ur-gigir, ruled for 7) years. 5 kings; they ruled for 30(ms. IB has instead: 43)(mss. PÝ+Ha, S have instead: 26) years(ms. Su3+Su4, which omits Kuda and Puzur-ili, has instead: 3 kings; they ruled for (ms. Su3+Su4 has:) 47 years). Unug was defeated(ms. S has instead: Then the reign of Unug was abolished) and the kingship was taken to the army(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: land) of Gutium.
308-334In the army(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: land) of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years(ms. L1+N1 has instead: they had no king; they ruled themselves for 5 years). Then Inkicuc(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: ……) ruled for 6(ms. L1+Ni1 has instead: 7) years. Zarlagab ruled for 6 years. Culme(ms. L1+N1 has instead:Yarlagac) ruled for 6 years. Silulumec(ms. Mi has instead:Silulu) ruled for 6(ms. G has instead: 7) years. Inimabakec ruled for 5(ms. Mi has instead:Duga ruled for 6) years. Igecauc ruled for 6(ms. Mi has instead:Ilu-an (?) ruled for 3) years. Yarlagab ruled for 15(ms. Mi has instead: 5) years. Ibate ruled for 3 years. Yarla(ms. L1+N1 has instead:Yarlangab (?)) ruled for 3 years. Kurum(ms. L1+N1 has instead: ……) ruled for 1(ms. Mi has instead: 3) years. Apil-kin ruled for 3 years. La-erabum (?) ruled for 2 years. Irarum ruled for 2 years. Ibranum ruled for 1 year. Hablum ruled for 2 years. Puzur-Suen, the son of Hablum, ruled for 7 years. Yarlaganda ruled for 7 years. …… ruled for 7 years. Tiriga (?) ruled for 40 days. 21 kings; they ruled for (ms. L1+N1 has:) 124 years and 40 days(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 25 years). Then the army of Gutium was defeated(ms. TL has instead: destroyed) and the kingship was taken to Unug.
335-340In Unug, Utu-hejal became king; he ruled for 427 years, …… days(ms. IB has instead: 26 years, 2 + X months, and 15 days)(ms. J has instead: 7 years, 6 months, and 15 days)(ms. TL has instead: 7 years, 6 months, and 5 days). 1 king; he ruled for 427 years, …… days(ms. J has instead: 7 years, 6 months, and 15 days)(ms. TL has instead: 7 years, 6 months, and 5 days). Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim.
341-354In Urim, Ur-Namma became king; he ruled for 18 years. Culgi, the son of Ur-Namma, ruled for 46(mss. Su3+Su4, TL have instead: 48)(ms. P5 has instead: 58) years. Amar-Suena, the son of Culgi, ruled for 9(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 25) years. Cu-Suen, the son of Amar-Suena, ruled for 9(ms. P5 has instead: 7)(ms. Su1 has instead: 20 + X)(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 16) years. Ibbi-Suen, the son of Cu-Suen, ruled for 24(mss. P5, Su1 have instead: 25)(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 15)(ms. TL has instead: 23 (?)) years. 4 kings; they ruled for 108 years(mss. J, P5, Su1, Su3+Su4 have instead: 5 kings; they ruled for (ms. P5 has:) 117(ms. Su1 has instead: 120 + X)(ms. Su3+Su4 has instead: 123) years). Then Urim was defeated(ms. P5 has instead: Then the reign of Urim was abolished). (ms. Su3+Su4 adds:) The very foundation of Sumer was torn out (?). The kingship was taken to Isin.
355-377In Isin, Icbi-Erra became king; he ruled for 33(ms. P5 has instead: 32) years. Cu-ilicu, the son of Icbi-Erra, ruled for 20(ms. P5 has instead: 10)(ms. Su1 has instead: 15) years. Iddin-Dagan, the son of Cu-ilicu, ruled for 21(ms. Su1 has instead: 25) years. Icme-Dagan, the son of Iddin-Dagan, ruled for (mss. P2, P5 have:) 20(ms. Mi has instead: 18) years. Lipit-Ectar, the son of Icme-Dagan(ms. P2 has instead:Iddin-Dagan), ruled for (mss. L1+N1, P2, P5 have:) 11 years. Ur-Ninurta(mss. L1+N1, P2 add:) , the son of Ickur — may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life - ruled for (ms. P5 has:) 28 years. Bur-Suen, the son of Ur-Ninurta, ruled for 21 years. Lipit-Enlil, the son of Bur-Suen, ruled for 5 years. Erra-imitti ruled for 8(mss. P5, TL have instead: 7) years. (ms. P5 adds:) …… ruled for …… 6 months.Enlil-bani ruled for 24 years. Zambiya ruled for 3 years. Iter-pica ruled for 4 years. Ur-dul-kuga ruled for 4 years. Suen-magir ruled for 11 years. (ms. P5 adds:) Damiq-ilicu, the son of Suen-magir, ruled for 23 years. 14 kings; they ruled for 203 years(ms. P5 has instead: 225 years and 6 months).
(Mss. P2+L2, L1+N1 and P4+Ha conclude with a summary of the post-diluvian dynasties; the translation of ll. 378-431 uses numerical data from each mss. but follows the wording of P2+L2 and L1+N1)
378-431A total of 39 kings ruled for 14409 + X years, 3 months and 3 1/2 days, 4 times in Kic. A total of 22 kings ruled for 2610 + X years, 6 months and 15 days, 5 times in Unug. A total of 12 kings ruled for 396 years, 3 times in Urim. A total of 3 kings ruled for 356 years, once in Awan. A total of 1 king ruled for 420 years, once in Hamazi. 16 lines missing
A total of 12 (?) kings ruled for 197 (?) years, once in Agade. A total of 21(ms. P4+Ha has instead: 23) kings ruled for 125 years and 40 days(ms. P4+Ha has instead: 99 years), once in the army of Gutium. A total of 11(ms. P4+Ha has instead: 16) kings ruled for 159(ms. P4+Ha has instead: 226) years, once in Isin. There are 11 cities, cities in which the kingship was exercised. A total of 134(ms. P4+Ha has instead: 139) kings, who altogether ruled for 28876 + X(ms. P4+Ha has instead: 3443 + X) years. 21.
The following reigns were measured in Sumerian numerical units known as sars (units of 3600), ners (units of 600), and soss (units of 60). [ 8 ] Los reinados siguientes se miden en unidades numéricas sumeria conocida como el SARS (unidades de 3600), socios (unidades de 600), y soss (unidades de 60). [8]
“After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug . In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years.”“Después de la realeza descendió del cielo, de la realeza fue en Eridug. En Eridug, Alulim se convirtió en rey, que gobernó durante 28.800 años.”
5 sars and 1 ner (18,600 years) 5 SRAS y 1 NER (18.600 años)
“Then the flood swept over.”“Entonces la inundación barrió″.
Excavations in Iraq have revealed evidence of localized flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other Sumerian cities. Las excavaciones en Irak han revelado evidencia de inundaciones localizadas en Shuruppak (actual Tell Fara, Irak) y varias otras ciudades sumerias.A layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to ca. Una capa de sedimentos fluviales, con fecha de radiocarbono a ca.2900 BCE, interrupts the continuity of settlement, extending as far north as the city of Kish . Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (3000-2900 BCE) was discovered immediately below the Shuruppak flood stratum. [ 9 ] 2900 aC, interrumpe la continuidad de la solución, que se extiende hasta el norte de la ciudad de Kish. Cerámica policromada de la época de la Jemdet Nasr (3000-2900 aC) fue descubierta inmediatamente por debajo del estrato de inundación Shuruppak. [9]
“the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries”“El pastor, que ascendió al cielo y consolidó todos los países extranjeros”
“who made the land of Elam submit”“¿Quién hizo la tierra de Elam presentar”
900 years 900 años
ca. ca.2600 BC 2600 a. C.
the earliest ruler on the List confirmed independently from epigraphical evidence la primera regla en la lista confirmada de forma independiente de la evidencia epigráfica
“the fisherman whose city was Kuara .”“El pescador, cuya ciudad fue Kuara”. ( “He captured En-me-barage-si single-handed.” )* ( “Él capturó En-me-Barage-si una sola mano.”) *
(ca. 2500 – ca. 2271 BC) (ca. 2500 - ca. 2271 a. C.)
The First Dynasty of Lagash (also ca. 2500 – ca. 2271 BC) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions La Primera Dinastía de Lagash (también ca. 2500 - ca. 2271 a. C.) no se menciona en la Lista de los reyes, aunque es bien conocido por las inscripciones
said to have conquered parts of Sumer; then Eannatum of Lagash claims to have taken over Sumer, Kish, and all Mesopotamia. Kug-Bau of Kish is said to have gained independence from Lagash, and his Uruk, after Entemena’s death. dice que ha conquistado las partes de Sumer, luego Eannatum de Lagash afirma haber tomado más de Sumeria, Kish, y todos los Mesopotamia. Kug-Bau de Kish, se dice que obtuvo la independencia de Lagash, y su Uruk, después de la muerte de Entemena.
ca. ca.2296 – 2271 BC ( short ) 2296 - 2271 a. C. (corto)
said to have defeated Urukagina of Lagash , as well as Kish and other Sumerian cities, creating a unified kingdom; he in turn was overthrown by Sargon of Akkad dice que ha derrotado Urukagina de Lagash, así como de Kish y otras ciudades sumerias, la creación de un reino unificado, que a su vez fue derrocado por Sargón de Acad
“Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Agade (Akkad)”“Entonces Unug fue derrotado y la realeza fue llevada a Agade (Akkad)”
“whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa , became king, the king of Agade, who built Agade”“, cuyo padre era un jardinero, el copero de Ur-Zababa, se convirtió en rey, el rey de Acad, que construyó Agade”
(Possibly rulers of lower Mesopotamia contemporary with the Dynasty of Akkad) (Es posible que los gobernantes de la Baja Mesopotamia contemporáneo con la dinastía de Akkad)
The 2nd Dynasty of Lagash (before ca. 2093 – 2046 BC ( short )) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions. La 2 ª dinastía de Lagash (antes de ca. 2093 a 2046 a. C. (corto)) no es mencionado en la lista de los reyes, aunque es bien conocido por las inscripciones.
ca. ca.2147 – 2050 BC ( short ) 2147 - 2050 a. C. (corto)
“In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years.”“En el ejército de Guti, en un principio no era famoso rey, sino que fueron sus propios reyes y gobernó así durante 3 años.”
“Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to Unug (Uruk).”“Entonces el ejército de los Guti fue derrotado y la realeza fue adoptadas para Unug (Uruk)”.
ca. ca.1963 – 1940 BC ( short ) 1963 - 1940 a. C. (corto)
“Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to Isin .”“Entonces Urim fue derrotado. La misma fundación de Sumer fue arrancada. La monarquía fue llevado a Isin.”
Independent Amorite states in lower Mesopotamia. Independiente de los Estados amorreo en la Baja Mesopotamia.
The Dynasty of Larsa (ca. 1961 – 1674 BC ( short )) from this period is not mentioned in the King List. La dinastía de Larsa (ca. 1961 a 1674 a. C. (corto)) de este período no se menciona en la lista de los reyes.
( “the son of Ishkur , may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life” )* ( “El hijo de Ishkur, puede que con años de abundancia, un reinado bien, y una vida dulce”) *
contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon . contemporáneas de sumu-la-El de Babilonia.During his reign, the king’s gardener, to celebrate the New Year was named ‘king for a day’ then sacrificed, the “king” died during the celebration; Enlil-Bani remained on the throne. Durante su reinado, jardinero del rey, para celebrar el Año Nuevo fue nombrado “rey por un día ‘y luego sacrificados, el” rey “, murió durante la celebración, Enlil-Bani permaneció en el trono.
( “the son of Suen-magir” )* ( “El hijo de Suen-magir”) *
(23 years)* (23 años) *
* These epithets or names are not included in all versions of the king list. * Estos epítetos o nombres no están incluidos en todas las versiones de la lista de los reyes
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