6 sep 10

Las tablillas cuneiformes de El-Amarna

Para más información ver mi novela El Sol Negro,próxima publicación 2010

 Mapa de Akhetaten En 1887 cerca de 350 arcillas las tabletas se encontraron en El Amarna, el sitio de Akhetatón, capital del farón Amenofis IV- Akhenatón. La mayoría de éstas ahora están en los museos europeos (200 en Berlín, 80 en el Museo Británico y veinte en Oxford).

Están escritas en caracteres cuneiformes y en la lengua diplomática de la época: en acadio.

La mayoría de las cartas se fechan a los reinados de Amenofis III (h.1402-1364) y Akhenaton (Amenofis IV, h.1350-1334).
Son parte de la correspondencia oficial entre la administración egipcia y sus representantes en Canaan y Amurru y el estado de asuntos internacionales entre Egipto y los reyes principales del Oriente Medio, de Babilonia, de Mitanni y de Asiria, y de algunos pequeños países tales como Arzawa en Anatolia occidental.
Cinco tablillas cuneiformes nombran a Tushratta, un rey de Mitanni que era suegro a Amenofis III y Akhenaton, otras cinco del rey babionio Kadashman-Enlil y algunas cartas que mencionaban el nombre de rey casita de Babilonia, Burnaburiash, y del rey de Arzawa.


Los reyes de los paises importantes hablan con el faraón de igual a igual , llamándolo hermano y casando a menudo una hija suya con él. Los faraones por otra parte nunca consideraron a reyes extranjeros como sus iguales: no se dio en esta éoca ninguna princesa egipcia a un príncipe extranjero.

Comments: The Kassite (Chaldean) Kadashman-Enlil I became king of Babylon (in Ashurbanipal’s conquest of the Kaldu) and (Abdi-Ashirta, according to Rib-Addi, was aspiring to be king of …) Mitana and Kasse. For a daring, yet intriguing, chronologically clinching discussion and chart click underlines!

Kadasman Enlil to Amenophis III, No. 2
EA#3 fc(34): uses 6 line greeting; written [To Nibm]u’waria, King of Egyp[t]; continues in offering his daughter for marriage, says, `… as to the maiden, my own daughter … the woman is grown up, she is marriageable’; mentions that a messenger was sent and retained for six years; mentions the sending of 30 minas of gold whose value he compares to silver; mentions `Kasi’ the king’s messenger; talks about a fête (feast), seems to wonder why, after having sent 25 men and woman to the king there is no invitation for the feast; [1 mina= 60 shekels; 1 shekel= ca. 16.37 grams (depending on whose numbers are used)]; mentions `I have sent to thee … for ten chariots (made of) wood … ten span of horses’;
Comments: Some have proposed that Kadashman-Enlil was Neriglissar or else his son Labash-Marduk. However, Neriglissar’s length of reign is thought to have been ca. 4 years. while his son’s length of reign is considered to have been only for 6 months. How then could these rulers have been Kadashman-Enlil who saw his daughter grow up to a marriageabel age? If Kadashman-Enlil had a daughter at age 10-12, she could have been considered marriageable by age 8-12 herself (?), considering the conventions of the time and the shorter overall life spans. In other words she may have been born before he succeeded his father but that remains unsaid in his EA letters.

Las tablillas cuneiformes de El-Amarna

http://www.specialtyinterests.net/eae.html

 Mapa de Akhetaten En 1887 cerca de 350 arcillas las tabletas fueron encontradas en El Amarna, el sitio de Akhetatón capital de Akhenatón. La mayoría de éstos ahora están en los museos europeos (200 en Berlín, 80 en el museo británico y veinte en Oxford). Se escriben en caracteres cuneiformes en la lengua diplomática del día, Akkadian. La mayoría de las letras se fechan a los reinados de Amenhotep III (1402-1364) y Akhenatn (Amenhotep IV, 1350-1334).
Reflejan la correspondencia animada entre la administración egipcia y sus representantes en Canaan y Amurru y el estado de asuntos internacionales entre Egipto y las energías principales de el Oriente Medio, de Babylonia, de Mitanni y de Assyria, y de los pocos países tales como Arzawa en Anatolia occidental.
Cinco tabletas cuneiformes fueron encontradas el nombrar de Tushratta, de un rey de Mitanni que era suegro a Amenhotep III y Akhenaten, otros cinco del rey babilónico Kadashman-Enlil y algunas letras que mencionaban por nombre al rey de Kassite de Babylonia Burnaburiash, y del rey de Arzawa.

Los reyes de los paises importantes hablaron con el faraón de igual a igual , llamándolo hermano y casando a menudo una princesa con él. Los faraones por otra parte nunca consideraron a reyes extranjeros como sus iguales: no se dio en esta éoca ninguna princesa egipcia a un príncipe extranjero.

Comments: The Kassite (Chaldean) Kadashman-Enlil I became king of Babylon (in Ashurbanipal’s conquest of the Kaldu) and (Abdi-Ashirta, according to Rib-Addi, was aspiring to be king of …) Mitana and Kasse. For a daring, yet intriguing, chronologically clinching discussion and chart click underlines!

Kadasman Enlil to Amenophis III, No. 2
EA#3 fc(34): uses 6 line greeting; written [To Nibm]u’waria, King of Egyp[t]; continues in offering his daughter for marriage, says, `… as to the maiden, my own daughter … the woman is grown up, she is marriageable’; mentions that a messenger was sent and retained for six years; mentions the sending of 30 minas of gold whose value he compares to silver; mentions `Kasi’ the king’s messenger; talks about a fête (feast), seems to wonder why, after having sent 25 men and woman to the king there is no invitation for the feast; [1 mina= 60 shekels; 1 shekel= ca. 16.37 grams (depending on whose numbers are used)]; mentions `I have sent to thee … for ten chariots (made of) wood … ten span of horses’;
Comments: Some have proposed that Kadashman-Enlil was Neriglissar or else his son Labash-Marduk. However, Neriglissar’s length of reign is thought to have been ca. 4 years. while his son’s length of reign is considered to have been only for 6 months. How then could these rulers have been Kadashman-Enlil who saw his daughter grow up to a marriageabel age? If Kadashman-Enlil had a daughter at age 10-12, she could have been considered marriageable by age 8-12 herself (?), considering the conventions of the time and the shorter overall life spans. In other words she may have been born before he succeeded his father but that remains unsaid in his EA letters.

Kadasman Enlil to Amenophis III, No. 3
EA#4 mc(50): Kadasman writes, `[Beho]ld, when thou, my brother, accordingly, not permit[ting] thy daughter to marry, thou hast written to me saying: `From of old, a daughter of the king of Egypt has not been given to anyone’, (I answer): `Why [speakest thou th]us? Thou art a king; thou can[st d]o according to thy heart’s desire. If thou givest, who shall sa[y] anything? When they had told me this (they) answer, I wrote m[y brother] as follows: `There are grown up daughters and beautiful women. If there is any beautiful woman, according [to (thy heart), send her. Who shall say: `She is not a king's daughter'.' But thou hast not sent anyone at all. Didst thou not seek brotherhood and friendship, when thou didst write, concerning marriage, that we be nearer related (to one another? - Kadashman -Enlil mentions in other letters cattle, marriage, gold, locations of Tammuz (Ezekiel 8:14) and Ab where he wants to build a palace with pharaoh's gold; [On Ezekiel 8 click here and here.]

Petrie located the building in which the tablets were found and finally uncovered some further tablets.

building at Amarna

cuneiform tablets published by Petrie, click on the image
(Petrie 1894: pl. XXXI)

further information


 Envoys extranjeros prostrating antes de Horemheb Los reyes de las ciudades cananeas y sirias bajo dominio egipcio se postran ante el faraón - siete veces y siete veces, de rodillas .

, p.293

Una tablilla de Lakhish

Algo de la correspondencia Egipcio-Canaanita sobrevivió en Canaan


Estas tablillas de Retenu y de Canaan documentan el decaimiento de la influencia egipcia en Levante, cómo los partidarios del status quo fueron substituidos, los dispositivos por su zona meridional. Los reyes locales abogaron por la ayuda egipcia. Sus pueblos estaban ocasionalmente representados aparentemente por un consejo

y ahora un Dunip, su ciudad llora, y ella los rasgones está funcionando, y no hay ayuda para nosotros. Por 20 años hemos estado enviando a nuestro señor, el rey, el rey de Egipto, pero no ha venido a nosotros una palabra de nuestro señor, no uno.

W.M.Flinders Petrie una historia de Egipto , 1924, parte dos

Primary Source Bibliography:The Amarna Letters — Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamun, and Ay.

Moran, W.
1992 The Amarna Letters. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Translations of the entire extant foreign correspondence of the Amarna pharaohs, with notes and
commentary.

Secondary Sources:

Cohen, R. & Westbrook, R.
2000 Introduction: The Amarna System. Pp. 1-12 in Cohen & Westbrook, eds., Amarna Diplomacy. Maryland:
The Johns Hopkins University Press.
A brief introduction to the ancient Near East as represented in the Amarna letters.

Moran, W.
1992 The Amarna Letters. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Translations of the entire extant foreign correspondence of the Amarna pharaohs, with notes and
commentary.

Murnane, W.
2000 Imperial Egypt and the Limits of Power. Pp. 101-111 in Cohen & Westbrook, eds., Amarna Diplomacy.
Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
A brief overview of the structure of the Egyptian empire.

Redford, D. B.
1992 Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
A detailed account of the history of Egypt and its relationship with the rest of the Near East
throughout ancient history.

Filed under: ACTUALIDAD,Arqueologia,Arte Antiguo,ARTÍCULOS,Curiosidades,H. Egipto,H. Próximo Oriente,HISTORIA ANTIGUA,Hombres de la Historia,Mujeres de la Historia,Noticias de actualidad,PERSONAJES

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