Artemisia I de Caria
Artemisia I de Halicarnaso.
Artemisia (siglo V a. C.), tirana de Halicarnaso. Lideró cinco naves en la Batalla de Salamina, algo que causó gran perplejidad a los griegos.
Artemisia desempeñó un papel relevante en la Batalla de Salamina. Aconsejó a Jerjes I que no librase una batalla naval contra los griegos, sino que, una vez fuese tomada Atenas, prosiguiese su avance hacia el Peloponeso con el ejército de tierra. La amenaza de que los navíos persas pudiesen desembarcar al sur del istmo de Corinto forzaría a los contingentes de las ciudades peloponesias a dispersarse y proteger sus territoriosnq, aunque su opinión no fue escuchada,
Su nave fue acosada por un trirreme ateniense y no tenía posibilidad de escapar porque varias naves persas erróneamente le cerraban el paso. Embistió un navío de la flota de Jerjes y lo hundió, de modo que la embarcación griega creyese que era aliada, y dejase de perseguirla.
Escapó hacia las líneas persas, donde, según Heródoto, Jerjes dijo: “¡Mis hombres (los persas) se han convertido en mujeres y mis mujeres (Artemisia) en hombres!”
Heródoto tenía una buena opinión de ella, a pesar de su apoyo a Persia en la contienda. Posiblemente porque ambos eran naturales de Halicarnaso.
- ^ Anthon, Charles. “Artemis”. A Classical dictionary. Harper & Brothers. pp. 210. http://books.google.com/books?id=TIYMAAAAYAAJ.
- ^ Artemisia in Herodotus
- ^ Photius, Myrobiblion, Codex 190, referring to a work called New History (now lost) by Ptolemaeus Chennus: “And many others, men and women, suffering from the evil of love, were delivered from their passion in jumping from the top of the rock, such as Artemesa, daughter of Lygdamis, who made war with Persia; enamoured of Dardarnus of Abydos and scorned, she scratched out his eyes while he slept but as her love increased under the inflence of divine anger, she came to Leucade at the instruction of an oracle, threw herself from the top of the rock, killed herself and was buried.”
- ^ Noury, Manouchehr Saadat (Oct 7, 2008).
- “FIRST IRANIAN FEMALE ADMIRAL: ARTEMIS”.
- http://www.iranian.ws/cgi-bin/iran_news/exec/view.cgi/46/26955/printer.
Primary sources
- Vitruvius, De architectura ii,8.10-11, 14-15
- Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia xxxvi.4.30-31
- Orosius, Historiae adversus paganos ii.10.1-3
- Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum memorabilium iv.6, ext. I
- Justinus, Epitome Historiarum philippicarum Pompei Trogi ii.12.23-24
Secondary sources
- Herodotus, The Histories, trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt, Penguin Books, 1954.
- Nancy Demand, A History of Ancient Greece. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1996. ISBN 0070162077
External links
http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/artemisia/artemisia.html
| Artemisia: queen of Halicarnassus in c. 480 BCE, ally of the Persian king Xerxes during his invasion of Greece.Halicarnassus was a Graeco-Carian city that belonged to the empire of the Persian Achaemenids. The Persian authorities liked their cities to be ruled by one man, and not by an uncontrollable oligarchy or democracy, and preferred Lygdamis as king of Halicarnassus. When he died, he was succeeded by his daughter Artemisia, who is best known to us from the Histories by the Greek researcher Herodotus, also a Halicarnassian.
He mentions that in 480 BCE, when the Persian king Xerxes invaded Greece, queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus, commanded five ships from her small state, which included her Graeco-Carian capital and Cos, Nisyros, and Calydna. This latter town is not to be confused with Calynda, a nearby city that was ruled by king Damasitheos. When the army of Xerxes advanced to Europe, the queen of Halicarnassus and the king of Calynda had a quarrel, about which we do not know much. She appears to have behaved bravely during the naval battle off Artemisium, and advised against the naval engagement at Salamis. When this battle did take place and the Persian fleet was already defeated, her ship, trying to escape from a Greek captain named Ameinias of Pallene, rammed the ship of Damasitheos, who did not survive this attack. According to Herodotus, Xerxes had not seen how this happened and was unaware that the sinking ship was one of his own, and therefore praised Artemisia’s courage. After the battle, she advised Xerxes not to stay in Greece, but to return to Asia. Probably, he wanted to do this anyhow, because at that moment, Babylonia was unquiet, something not known to Herodotus. |
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Jar, given by king Xerxes to queen Artemisia (British Museum) The name Artemisia derives from Artemis (n, f.; Roman equivalent: Diana). According to Jablonski, the name is also Phrygian and could be “compared with the royal appellation Artemas of Xenophon. However according to Charles Anthon the primitive root of the name is probably of Persian origin from arta*, art*, arte*,.. all meaning great, excellent, holy,.. thus Artemis (i.e. Diana) “becomes identical with the great mother of Nature, even as she was worshipped at Ephesus”.[1] According to Herodotus (Histories, Books 7 and 8), Artemisia was Halicarnassian on her father Lygdamis’ side and Cretian on her mother’s.[2] [edit] Battle of SalamisThe only one of his commanders to be female, Artemisia counselled the Persian king Xerxes to coordinate a joint land-sea offensive. She wanted the Persian army to march to the Isthmus of Corinth and attack the Greek coalition that was fortifying there, while moving the fleet to attack the Greek triremes. In this, Artemisia hoped that the Greek ships would scatter to their city-states, leaving them vulnerable to an intact Persian fleet. Xerxes refused this plan, instead moving to attack the assembled Greek fleet at Salamis. Artemisia participated in the Battle of Salamis in September, 480 BC as a Persian ally commanding five ships. Artemisia convinced Xerxes to retreat back to Asia Minor after the defeat at Salamis, contrary to the advice of Mardonius, who wanted Xerxes to stay. Xerxes then sent her to Ephesus to take care of his sons. In return, Artemisia’s lands did well by their alliance with the Persians. [edit] Death and legacyA legend, quoted by Photius,[3] claims that Artemisia fell in love with a man named Dardanus, and when he ignored her, an oracle told her to jump to her death into the Aegean Sea from the rock of Leucas. In contrast, Herodotus had a favourable opinion of Artemisia, despite her support of Persia, possibly because he too came from Halicarnassus. An Iranian destroyer (Persian: Naav-Shekan) built during the Pahlavi dynasty was named Artemis in her honor.[4] [edit] In popular culture
[edit] Notes and references
[edit] Primary sources
[edit] Secondary sources
External links |
Herodotus also tells us that Artemisia brought Xerxes’ sons from Greece to Ephesus, and there she disappears from history.Well, not entirely. In the British Museum in London, you can see the calcite jar shown on the photo. It is almost 30 centimeters high and was discovered in the ruins of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, the monumental tomb of a later ruler of Caria, Maussolus (377-353). The object was made in Egypt and contains a very brief inscription in Egyptian, Old Persian, Babylonian, and Elamite: The great king Xerxes.
The inscription itself is not extremely interesting, but the fact that Xerxes’ jar was discovered in the Halicarnassian Mausoleum, is quite sensational. After all, only the great king can have given this precious object with the almost sacrosanct royal signature to the ruler of Halicarnassus, queen Artemisia. The expensive present passed through the Carian royal line and was eventually given as a funeral gift to Maussolus and his wife, who was also called Artemisia and appears to have been quite a warrior herself. |
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